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Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.  
Family: Parmeliaceae
[Geissodea saxatilis (L.) J. St.-Hil., moreImbricaria saxatilis (L.) Körb., Imbricaria saxatilis f. nigrescens Britzelm., Imbricaria saxatilis f. saxatilis (L.) Körb., Imbricaria saxatilis var. omphalodes (L.) Körb., Imbricaria saxatilis var. saxatilis (L.) Körb., Lichen laciniatus var. saxatilis (L.) Weiss, Lichen saxatilis L., Parmelia quercina f. furfuracea (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Parmelia saxatilis f. caesiopruinosa Nyl. ex Cromb., Parmelia saxatilis f. furfuracea Schaer., Parmelia saxatilis var. aizonii Delise ex Duby, Parmelia saxatilis var. furfuracea (Schaer.) Linds., Parmelia saxatilis var. panniformis , Parmotrema saxatile (L.) M. Choisy, Parmotrema saxatile var. aizoni (Delise) M. Choisy, Parmotrema saxatile var. saxatile (L.) M. Choisy, Platysma saxatile (L.) Frege]
Parmelia saxatilis image
Samuel Brinker
  • Greater Sonoran Desert
  • IUCN Red-List Assessment
  • Resources
Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1.
Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-20 cm in diam., lobate lobes: sublinear, contiguous, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-4 mm wide, apices truncate upper surface: gray (to brown in exposed habitats), smooth to foveolate, shiny, sometimes white pruinose, becoming cracked along prominent, effigurate pseudocyphellae isidia: cylindrical, simple to coralloid, abundant, laminal, dense; soredia and pustulae absent medulla: white with continuous algal layer lower surface: black, rhizinate, rhizines: moderately dense, black, simple to furcate Apothecia: rare, laminal, 2-8 mm wide; margin: usually isidiate; disc: red-brown to dark brown asci: clavate, 8-spored ascospores: ellipsoid, 16-18 x 9-11 µm Pycnidia: not seen Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K+ yellow turning deep red, C-, KC-, P+ orange Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with salazinic acid (major) and consalazinic acids (minor). Substrate and ecology: on rocks in open habitats, rarely on trees World distribution: pantemperate and southern boreal Sonoran distribution: relatively rare on scree rocks in upper montane habitats, Arizona.
Assessed as Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1; August 6, 2020

DOWNLOAD full IUCN Assessment as PDF

Common name(s): English: Salted Shield Lichen

Taxonomic Notes:
This species has been the subject of much recent taxonomic work, including splitting off the segregate species Parmelia ernstiae, P. serrana, P. mayi and P. rojoi (Feuerer and Thell 2002, Molina et al. 2004, Molina et al. 2011, Crespo et al. 2020), and investigations into the diversity in the genus (Divakar et al. 2016). None of these segregate species can be diagnosed confidently using morphology only (Corsie et al. 2019). Nevertheless, we suspect P. saxatilis s. str. remains an abundant macrolichen on rocks and trees throughout the northern temperate and boreal zone.

ASSESSMENT JUSTIFICATION [criteria: LC]

Parmelia saxatilis is common and abundant in many forests, heaths, and uplands outside the tropics and does not qualify for any threat categories. It is, therefore, listed as Least Concern.

Assessor/s: Yahr, R., Allen, J., Lymbery, C., Batallas-Molina, R., Bungartz, F., Dal Forno, M., Howe, N., Lendemer, J., McMullin, T., Mertens, A., Paquette, H., Petix, M., Reese Næsborg, R., Roberts, F., Sharrett, S. & Villella, J.; Reviewer/s: Divakar, P.; Contribu(s): Anderson, F., Calabria, L., Glew, K., Hollinger, J., Hodges, M., Kaminsky, L., Noell, N., Parrinello, C., Ramos, D., Restrepo, A., Root, H., Rosentreter, R., Scott, T., Stone, D. & Vargas, R.; Partner(s) and Institution(s): Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Bibliography:

Brodo, I.M., S.D. Sharnoff, & S. Sharnoff (2001) Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New
Haven and London.

Brusse, F.A. (1993) Eight new species in the lichen genus Parmelia (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae)from
southern Africa, with notes on southern African lichens. Mycotaxon 49: 1-17.

Corsie, E.I., Harrold, P. & Yahr, R. (2019). No combination of morphological, ecological or chemical
characters can reliably diagnose species in the Parmelia saxatilis aggregate in Scotland. The
Lichenologist 51(2): 107-121.

Crespo, A., Molina, M.C., Blanco, O., Schroeter, B., Sancho, L.G. & Hawksworth, D.L. (2002) rDNA its and
β-tubulin gene sequence analyses reveal two monophyletic groups within the cosmopolitan lichen
Parmelia saxatilis. Mycological Research 106(7): 788-795.

Crespo, A., Rico, V.J., Garrido, E., Lumbsch, H.T. & Divakar, P.K. (2020) A revision of species of the
Parmelia saxatilis complex in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of P. rojoi, a new potentially
relict species. The Lichenologist 52(5): 365-376.

Divakar, P.K., Leavitt, S.D., Molina, M.C., Del-Prado, R., Lumbsch, H.T. & Crespo, A. (2016) A DNA
barcoding approach for identification of hidden diversity in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota): Parmelia sensu
stricto as a case study. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 21–29.

Feuerer, T. & Thell, A. (2002) Parmelia ernstiae – a new macrolichen from Germany. Mitteilungen aus
dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 30: 49–60.

Geiser, L.H. & Neitlich, P.N. (2007) Air pollution and climate gradients in western Oregon and
Washington indicated by epiphytic macrolichens. Environmental Pollution 145(1): 203-218.

Hansen, E.S. (2007) Lichens from Saqqaq and Qeqertaq, central west Greenland. Folia Cryptogamica
Estonica 43: 1-12.

Hansen, E.S. (2009) A contribution to the lichen flora of Iceland. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 46: 45-54.

Inashvili, T. & Batsatsashvili, K. (2010) New lichen records from Georgia. Turkish Journal of Botany 34:
549-553.

IUCN (2021) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 04 September 2021).

Lindsay, D.C. (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: VII. The genera Cetraria Hoffm., Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl.,
Menegazzia Massal., Parmelia Ach. and Platismatia Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36:
105-114.

Molina, M.C., Crespo, A., Blanco, O., Lumbsch, H.T. & Hawksworth, D.L. (2004) Phylogenetic
relationships and species concepts in Parmelia s. str. (Parmeliaceae) inferred from nuclear ITS rDNA and
beta-tubulin sequences. The Lichenologist 36: 37–54.

Molina, M.C., Del-Prado, R., Divakar, P.K., Sánchez-Mata, D. & Crespo, A. (2011) Another example of
cryptic diversity in lichen-forming fungi: the new species Parmelia mayi (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae).
Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 11: 331–342.

Pišút, I. (2009) Some lichens from the vicinity of Ribeiro Frio (Madeira, Macaronesia). Acta Mycologica
44(2): 179-184.

Quilhot, W., Cuellar, M., Díaz, R., Riquelme, F. & Rubio, C. (2012) Lichens of Aisen, southern Chile.
Gayana Botany 69(1): 57-87.

Redchenko, O., Košnar, J. & Gloser, J. (2010) A contribution to lichen biota of the central part of
Spitsbergen, Svalbard Archipelago. Polish Polar Research 31(2): 159-168.

Sohrabi, M., Ahti, T. & Urbanavichus, G. (2007) Parmelioid lichens of Iran and the Caucasus Region.
Mycologia Balcanica 4: 21-30.

Stenroos, S. (1991) The lichen genera Parmelia and Punctelia in Tierra del Fuego. Annales Botanici Fennici 28(3): 241-245.

Vicol, I. (2016) Chorology of Parmelia genus in Romania. Romanian Journal of Biology, Plant Biology 61:
17-32.

 

Find out more about the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria here.

Parmelia saxatilis
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Stephen Sharnoff
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This project made possible by National Science Foundation Awards: #1115116, #2001500, #2001394
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