Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.

Life habit: lichenized Thallus: verrucose, areolate or subimmersed, pale brownish yellow to beige Apothecia: 0.75-1.1 mm high, 6-9 times as high as the width of the stalk stalk: shining black or with a brownish pruina in the uppermost part, rather thick, 0.8-0.16 mm in diam., consisting of dark greenish brown, sclerotized, and irregularly interwoven, 2-3 µm thick hyphae; outermost part: pale brown, surrounded by a 2-4 µm thick, hyaline, I-, gelatinous coat capitulum: broadly obconical to lenticular, black, with a brownish or sometimes bright yellow pruina on the lower side, 0.29-0.45 mm in diam. mazaedium: with a faint yellow pruina, particularly in young ascomata exciple: densely interwoven and heavily sclerotized hyphae; hypothecium: with flat upper surface, dark brown, with reticulately interwoven hyphae asci: cylindrical, with uniseriate or slightly overlapping spores, 33-36 x 3.5-4.5 µm ascospores: ellipsoid, distinctly ornamented with spirally arranged ridges and a few irregular cracks, 10.5-12.5 x 5-6 µm Spot tests: thallus K+ yellow turning red or K-, C-, P+ yellow, UV+ intensely yellow or dull (varying amounts of xanthones); brown pruina: K+ violet-red, with feather-like crystals; all parts of apothecia I- Secondary metabolites: thallus with placodiolic acid, +norstictic acid, and unidentified xanthones. Substrate and ecology: on bark of Jatropha at low, coastal elevations World distribution: Africa, North, Central. and South America, and Australasia Sonoran distribution: Baja California.