Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2007. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3.
Thallus: crustose areolate to granulose areoles: ±isodiametric, up to 0.5-0.7 mm wide, contiguous or becoming effuse upper surface: black, dull or glossy isidia: absent lower surface: attached by rhizohyphae Apothecia: sessile, eventually columnar, small, up to 0.2-0.5 mm wide, up to 0.3(0.5) mm high, slightly constricted at the basis disc: at first punctiform, later open, depressed, black or dark red, somewhat lighter when moist, with persisting, prominent, smooth to somewhat crenate thalline margin proper exciple: thin, up to 10 µm wide epihymenium: reddish brown, conspicuous, K- hymenium: hyaline, 75-100 µm tall, IKI+ blue asci: subclavate, uniseriate, 8-spored cospores: simple, hyaline, ellipsoid to broad ellipsoid, (10-)12.5-17.5(-20) x 5-7.5(-10) µm; wall: thin Pycnidia: immersed, simple, ovoid, c. 50 x 75-100 µm conidia: ellipsoid, 2.5-3 x 1-1.5 µm Spot tests: all negative Secondary products: none detected. Substrate and ecology: on volcanic rock World distribution: Canary Islands and SW North America Sonoran distribution: only one record from Baja California Sur. Notes: The species is rather distinct on account of its columnar apothecia of roughly equal height and width and the bulging thalline margin surrounding the depressed apothecial disc.