Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: lichenicolous, parasitic, non-lichenized Ascomata: unknown Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed in the host thallus, often erumpent, soon becoming almost superficial, mostly arising singly, dark brown to black, subglobose, opening in an irregular way and occasionally becoming cupulate after disintegration of the upper pycnidial wall; wall: hyaline to brown, paraplectenchymatous, composed of several layers of cells conidiophores: absent or present but then mostly reduced to a single cell, rarely branched and composed of three cells, hyaline to pale brown conidiogenous cells: integrated, terminal, with several annellations, hyaline to pale brown, elongate ellipsoid to subcylindrical, smooth conidia: holoblastic, arising singly, acrogenous, dry, 0-1-septate; wall and septum: pale to medium red or olivaceous brown, smooth, ellipsoid, with rounded apex and a truncate base Geography: cosmopolitan Substrate: thallus and apothecia of lichens.