Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: lichenicolous, mostly cecidogenous lus: lacking Ascomata: apothecial, indistinct, orbicular to linear or irregular, dispersed to aggregated, immersed to sessile disc: dark brown to black, plane to convex margin: usually indistinct or rarely prominent exciple: +reduced, colorless to blackish brown epihymenium: pale brown, brown or olive brown, always covered by a layer of colorless gel hymenium: colorless, pale brownish or pale olivaceous, hymenial gel I- or I+ faint blue paraphyses: septate, weakly or not branched and more or less anastomosing, apically swollen, often irregularly shaped, with dark-brown pigmented caps hypothecium: colorless to blackish brown, in some species I+ violet, some species with a pseudoparenchymatic, "cupulate" structure of the lower hypothecial zone asci: broadly clavate, Lecanora-type, 8-spored ascospores: hyaline, simple, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, ovoid, fusiform, lemon-shaped, falciform, or fabiform, partly curved, with obtuse to attenuate ends; wall: smooth, occasionally thickened at ends Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed in host thallus, wall pseudoparenchymatic conidiogenous cells: colorless, phialidic, enteroblastic, with acrogenous pycnosporogenesis conidia: bacilliform Geography: worldwide Substrate: foliose and fruticose taxa of the lichen family Parmeliaceae.