Consortium of Lichen Herbaria
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Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Ecuador
Includes taxa from following child checklists: Taxa explicitly excluded: Erroneous Reports of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi from Ecuador
Citation: Yánez-Ayabaca, A. et al. (2023) Lichens, lichenicolous and allied fungi of Ecuador, Version #01. Consortium of Lichen Herbaria. Symbiota Checklist, published online at https://lichenportal.org/portal/checklists/checklist.php?clid=1283&pid
Locality: Ecuador Abstract: Check out our recent open access publication "Towards a dynamic checklist of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of Ecuador" in The Lichenologist. 1Grupo Ecuatoriano de Liquenología (GEL), Ecuador *corresponding author: frank.bungartz@asu.edu Lichen-forming, Liquenicolous and Allied fungi of Ecuador / Líquenes, Hongos Liquenícolas y Hongos Relacionadas del Ecuador: Please click here to download the Reference List as a PDF. This is the version #01 of this checklist, which can be downloaded as PDF here. Notes: last updated 02 May 2023 Voucher Mapping
Families: 134
Genera: 513
Species: 2599
Total Taxa: 2610
[Imbricaria borreri var. stictica (Delise ex Duby) Flot., Parmelia borreri var. stictica Delise ex Duby, Parmelia dubia var. stictica (Delise ex Duby) Schaer., Parmelia stictica (Delise ex Duby) Nyl., Parmotrema sticticum (Delise ex Duby) M. Choisy] parasitized by Rinodina conradii, Nesolechia oxyspora & Lichenohendersonia uniseptata, source: Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907; as Parmelia dubia var. stictica Zahlbr. - Parmelia borreri var. stictica Delise ex Duby), Sklenář et al. (2010; as P. cf. stictica), Etayo (2017), van den Boom et al. (2022; as P. cf. stictica); T.H. Nash III 23831 [ASU], T.H. Nash III 23814 [ASU], Harris, R. 17377 [MIN], Richard C Harris 17068 [WIS], more... [Parmelia subpraesignis Nyl.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022); Alice Johannsen 11 [WIS] [Parmelia borreri var. subrudecta (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Parmelia dubia var. foliosa B. de Lesd., Parmelia subrudecta Nyl., Parmelia subrudecta f. subrudecta Nyl., Parmelia subrudecta var. subrudecta Nyl.] source: Davey (1999), Cevallos (2012), Chuquimarca et al. (2019) [Parmelia toxodes Stirt.] [Myriotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Hale, Thelotrema pycnoporellum Nyl.] source: Nöske et al. (2007) [Nectriopsis coccocarpiae Diederich] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Coccocarpia domingensis, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Graphis cf. angustata, Holotype B, Sipman 53081a, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmeliella delicata, Holotype B, Sipman 52171, source: Etayo (2017) [Dacampiosphaeria rivana (De Not.) D. Hawksw., Didymosphaeria neottizans (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Leptosphaeria baeomycearia (Linds.) Sacc. & Trotter, Leptosphaeria caninae (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria leucomelaria (Mudd) Vouaux, Leptosphaeria neottizans (Leight.) Zopf, Leptosphaeria oligospora (Vain.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana (De Not.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana f. rivana (De Not.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana f. solorinae Rehm, Microthelia baeomycearia Linds., Phaeospora baeomycearia (Linds.) Arnold, Phaeospora leucomelaria (Mudd) Sacc. & P. Syd., Pyrenidiomyces actinelli Cif. & Tomas., Pyrenidium rivanum (De Not.) Nav.-Ros., Cl. Roux & Diederich, Pyrenidum actinellum Nyl., Sphaeria caninae Plowr. & W. Phillips, Sphaeria leucomelaria Mudd, Sphaeria rivana De Not., Tichothecium leucomelarium (Mudd) Berl. & Voglino, Trypethelium peltigereum G. Merr., Verrucaria neottizans Leight.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera sp., source: Etayo (2017); R. C. Harris 17009-A [NY], R. Rosentreter 13,326 [SRP], Etayo, J. 25522 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Bapalmuia sp., source: Lücking (1999) [Ocellularia zamiae Müll.Arg., Phyllophthalmaria zamiae (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Porina sp., source: Lücking (1999) [Arthopyrenia consequens (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia consequens var. halodytes (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Arthopyrenia gyalectoides M. Knowles ex A.L. Sm., Arthopyrenia halodytes (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia halodytes f. fusca B. de Lesd., Arthopyrenia halodytes f. halodytes (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia halodytes var. halodytes (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia halodytes var. hollii A.L. Sm., Arthopyrenia halodytes var. tenuicula (Wedd.) H. Olivier, Arthopyrenia kelpii Körb., Collemopsidium halodytes (Nyl.) Grube & B.D. Ryan nom. inval., Collemopsidium halodytes (Nyl.) Grube & B.D. Ryan, Leiophloea halodytes (Nyl.) Trevis., Paraphysothele halodytes (Nyl.) Keissl., Paraphysothele halodytes f. fusca (B. de Lesd.) Keissl., Paraphysothele halodytes f. halodytes (Nyl.) Keissl., Paraphysothele halodytes f. tenuicula (Wedd.) Keissl., Pseudarthopyrenia gyalectoides (M. Knowles ex A.L. Sm.) Keissl., Thelidium halodytes (Nyl.) Erichsen, Thelidium halodytes f. halodytes (Nyl.) Erichsen, Thelidium halodytes f. tenuiculum (Wedd.) Erichsen, Verrucaria consequens Nyl., Verrucaria fluctigena Nyl., Verrucaria halodytes Nyl., Verrucaria kelpii (Körb.) Sandst., Verrucaria litoralis var. consequens (Nyl.) Wedd., Verrucaria litoralis var. halodytes (Nyl.) Wedd., Verrucaria litoralis var. tenuicula Wedd.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 65631 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64747 [CDS] [Phaeopeltosphaeria irregularis Wehm.] + = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, native, indigenous, a possible synonym is Pyrenographa xylographoides Aptroot (with submuriform spores, see comments in Harris 1995); basionym: Phaeopeltosphaeria irregularis Wehmeyer; Type. ECUADOR. Galapagos: South Seymour Island, on dead, decorticated wood of Bursera graveolens, 6 Sep 1945, Martin 6251 (NY, isotype), source: Aptroot (1991, as Pyrenographa xylographoides ), Harris (1995), Martin (1948) so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 5224 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6006 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5241 [CDS] [Lichenothrix riddlei Henssen, Pleosphaeria lichenothricis Henssen] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 7059 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7057 E [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64709 C [CDS] [Parathelium martinicanum Vain., Pyrenula adacta var. adacta Fée, Pyrenula caraibica Aptroot & Etayo, Pyrenula marginatula Müll.Arg., Pyrenula martinicana (Vain.) R.C. Harris] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); Aptroot, A. 65436 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8317 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64642 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10436 [CDS] [Melanotheca aggregata (Fée) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula costaricensis Müll.Arg., Spermatodium aggregatum (Fée) Trevis., Verrucaria aggregata f. aggregata Fée] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); Aptroot, A. 64687 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63179 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63140 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6897 [CDS] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 383 [HUTPL] [Melanotheca achariana Fée, Melanotheca anomala (Ach.) A. Massal., Mycoporum anomalum (Ach.) Trevis., Pyrenula achariana (Fée) Vain., Pyrenula achariana var. achariana (Fée) Vain., Pyrenula achariana var. angolensis Vain., Trypethelium anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum f. anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum var. anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum var. leucostomum Nyl., Trypethelium anomalum var. obscurescens (Vain.) Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); Aptroot, A. 65182 [CDS], Nugra, F. 62 [CDS] [Polyblastia aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Trevis., Pyrenula aquila R.C. Harris, Pyrenula nitida var. aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Trevis., Verrucaria aspistea Afzel. ex Ach., Verrucaria nitida subsp. aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Nyl.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); A. Aptroot 10698 [NY], A. Aptroot 11208 [NY], Klara Scharnagl 2102b [MSC], Klara Scharnagl 2229 [MSC], more... [Heufleria pentagrastica Müll. Arg., Heufleridium pentagastricum (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Parmentaria astroidea Fée, Verrucaria aspistea var. astroidea (Fée) Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Bungartz, F. 10127 B [CDS], Miranda, R. 949 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64641 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65312 [CDS], more... [Pyrenula crystalligera H. Magn.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, all Galapagos specimens have 3-septate spores and belong to P. bahiana (Aptroot 2012), not as previously reported by Weber (1993) as P. concatervans; specimens in COLO: Santa Cruz: Herre 41 (L-41177), Weber (L-40220), Itow (L-40728), Fernandina: Cavagnaro (L-40469), Floreana: Weber & Lanier (L-62944), source: Weber (1993; as Pyrenula concatervans), Aptroot (2012); Aptroot, A. 65118 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5090 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10290 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9299 [CDS], more... [Pseudopyrenula balia (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula santensis (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria balia Kremp., Verrucaria marginata var. santensis Nyl., Verrucaria santensis (Nyl.) Nyl.] [Anthracothecium breutelii Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium maculare Zahlbr., Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris] source: van den Boom et al. (2022); Miranda, R. 971 [CDS], Miranda, R. 959 B [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1833 [CDS], Miranda, R. 956 A [CDS], more... synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: Farlow (1902), Weber (1966, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Déleg et al. (2021); G. Follmann s.n. [WIS], Bungartz, F. 9774 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5029 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6201 [CDS], more... F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: most previous reports were based on misidentifications, but two specimens belong to P. cocoës, source: synonyms in Aptroot (2012), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 64686 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63218 A [CDS] [Spermatodium complanatum (Mont.) Trevis., Verrucaria complanata Mont.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Anthracothecium confine (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium corticatum Müll.Arg., Bottaria confinis (Nyl.) Vain., Pyrenula corticata (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, Sporodictyon confine (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria confinis Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); Aptroot, A. 63250 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9647 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63247 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10016 [CDS], more... [Melanotheca connivens (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Melanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Müll.Arg., Melanotheca ornata Müll.Arg., Melanotheca rubra (C. Knight) C. Knight, Melanotheca subincruenta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula circumrubens (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Pyrenula circumrubens var. circumrubens (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Pyrenula circumrubens var. rubrotecta (Stirt.) Shirley, Stromatothelium cruentum (Mont.) Trevis., Trypethelium cinnabarinum C. Knight ex F.M. Bailey, Trypethelium connivens Stirt., Trypethelium cruentatum Nyl., Trypethelium cruentum Mont., Trypethelium cruentum var. subdecolor Nyl., Trypethelium rubescens C. Knight, Trypethelium rubrum C. Knight, Trypethelium subincruentum Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens var. circumrubens Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens var. rubrotecta Stirt.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1986); Aptroot, A. 64782 [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 10727 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4419 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8007 [CDS], more... [Astrothelium cryptothelium (Müll. Arg.) Nyl., Pyrenastrum cryptothelium Müll. Arg.] source: Déleg et. al (2021); A. Aptroot 10607 [NY] [Pyrenastrum cubanum Müll. Arg.] source: Nöske et al. (2007), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Lithothelium decumbens (Müll.Arg.) Aptroot, Parathelium decumbens Müll. Arg.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Pseudopyrenula galactina Shirley, Pyrenula achroopora (Nyl.) Arnold, Pyrenula glabratula (Nyl.) Arnold, Pyrenula lucifera R.C. Harris, Pyrenula nitida var. dermatodes (Borrer) Trevis., Verrucaria achroopora Nyl., Verrucaria dermatodes Borrer, Verrucaria glabrata var. dermatodes (Borrer) Leight., Verrucaria glabratula Nyl., Verrucaria nitida var. dermatodes (Borrer) Leight.] source: Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007); Bungartz, F. 7548 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63178 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6903 [CDS], Nugra, F. 63 [CDS], more... [Anthracothecium duplicans (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria duplicans Nyl.] [Parathelium emergens Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.] source: Benítez (2016); Benítez et al. (2019); Aptroot, A. 64638 [CDS] [Pyrenula citriformis R.C. Harris, Pyrenula sandwicensis Zahlbr., Pyrenula subcongruens Müll.Arg., Verrucaria fetivica Kremp.] synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: Benítez et al. (2019; as Pyrenula subcongruens), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 4989 [CDS], Benítez, A. 68 [HUTPL] Holotype B 600128515, source: Aptroot et al. (2012), Aptroot & Sipman (2013) source: Vega et al. (2021) [Verrucaria immissa Stirt.] source: Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 65 [HUTPL] [Pyrenula kunthii (Fée) Fée, Pyrenula marginata Hook., Pyrenula marginata var. fulva (Kremp.) Overeem, Pyrenula marginata var. marginata Hook., Trypethelium ocellatum Zenker, Verrucaria kunthii Fée, Verrucaria mamillana Ach., Verrucaria marginata (Hook. f.) Hepp, Verrucaria marginata var. convexa Nyl., Verrucaria marginata var. fulva Kremp., Verrucaria marginata var. marginata (Hook. f.) Hepp] source: Benítez et al. (2015; as Pyrenula aff. mamillana); Klara Scharnagl 2102a [MSC], Benítez, A. 382 [HUTPL] [Clypeosphaeria massariospora Starbäck, Pseudopyrenula majuscula H. Magn., Starbaeckiella massariospora (Starbäck) Syd. & P. Syd.] synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: van den Boom et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 65118 A [CDS], Hillmann, G. GAL-44 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5589 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4206 [CDS], more... source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 389 [HUTPL] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016) [Parathelium microcarpum Riddle] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016), van den Boom et al. (2022); Benítez, A. 391 [HUTPL] source: Aptroot et al. (2013) source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Anthracothecium sandwicense Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); in Galapagos previously treated as P. aff. duplicans; not indentical with Pyrenula sandwicensis Zahlbr., which is a synonym of P. fetivica (Kempelh.) Müll. Arg.; Bungartz, F. 3907 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63799 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11735 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9292 A [CDS], more... [Anthracothecium dimorphum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Bottaria dimorpha Vain., Melanomma nitidulum Bres., Melanotheca griseola (Vain.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula andamanica Ajay Singh & Upreti, Pyrenula cinereoglauca Zahlbr., Pyrenula dealbata (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula griseola Vain., Pyrenula paraensis Müll.Arg., Pyrenula platysporella Zahlbr., Pyrenula plittii R.C. Harris, Pyrenula subsimplex Vain., Verrucaria inflata Stirt.] synonyms in Aptroot (2012), source: Benítez et al. (2015; as Pyrenula cf. nititula), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 6660 [CDS] [Anthracothecium ochraceoflavum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. pacifica P.M. McCarthy, Sporodictyon ochraceoflavum (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria ochraceoflava Nyl., Verrucaria ochraceoflava f. ochraceoflava Nyl.] synonyms listed in Aptroot (2012), but note that according to Miranda et al. (2022) P. ochraceoflava remains a poorly resolved species complex, in Mexico specimens with parietin, in Brazil and the Cook Islands with 7-chloroemodin, but in the Galapagos characterized by traces of fragilin, atranorin and norstictic acid; most Galapagos specimens have the larger spores of P. ochraceoflava, few may belong to P. ochraceoflavens, source: Stewart (1912), Weber (1966, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 7174 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9419 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64076 [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 8216 [CDS], more... [Anthracothecium ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Bottaria ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) Vain., Bottaria ochraceoflavens subsp. ochraccoflavens (Nyl.) Vain., Verrucaria ochraceoflavens Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); F. Bungartz & R. Miranda: very few specimens deviate significantly in spore size from P. ochraceoflava; according to Miranda et al. (2022) P. ochraceoflava remains a poorly resolved species complex; Rivas Plata, E. 4021 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64484 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10124 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10084 [CDS], more... source: Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 67 [HUTPL] [Anthracothecium pyrenuloides (Mont.) Müll.Arg., Bathelium pyrenuloides (Mont.) Trevis., Bottaria pyrenuloides (Mont.) Trevis., Pyrenastrum pyrenuloides (Mont.) Nyl., Trypethelium pyrenuloides Mont., Verrucaria pyrenuloides (Mont.) Nyl., Verrucaria pyrenuloides var. pyrenuloides (Fée) Fée] parasitized by Arthonia tavaresii, source: Déleg et al. (2021), Etayo (2017); Bungartz, F. 10477 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10468 [CDS] [Anthracothecium olivaceocinereum Vain., Leiophloea vitrea (Eschw.) Trevis., Melanotheca rizalensis (Vain.) Zahlbr., Parmentaria papillata (C. Knight) Shirley, Pyrenula adacta var. cinerascens (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula albidopunctata Zahlbr., Pyrenula baileyi (C. Knight) Shirley, Pyrenula bonariensis Malme, Pyrenula chungii Zahlbr., Pyrenula coerulescens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula crassescens (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula defossa Müll.Arg., Pyrenula emergens (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Pyrenula emersa Malme, Pyrenula endostega Müll.Arg., Pyrenula eucalypta Vain., Pyrenula euphorbiae Vain., Pyrenula ferax Müll.Arg., Pyrenula fissa H. Magn., Pyrenula flaventior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula fulvescens Malme, Pyrenula gibberosa Vain., Pyrenula glaziovii Müll.Arg., Pyrenula homalisma (C. Knight) D.J. Galloway, Pyrenula kelungana Zahlbr., Pyrenula mammillaris (Hepp) Zahlbr., Pyrenula manhaviensis Zahlbr., Pyrenula marmorata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula mastophorizans Müll.Arg., Pyrenula mozambica Vain., Pyrenula nebulosa Zahlbr., Pyrenula nitidans Müll.Arg., Pyrenula obscura Räsänen, Pyrenula obscurata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula obscurior Vain., Pyrenula oculifera Vain., Pyrenula olivaceofusca Müll.Arg., Pyrenula pallidofulvescens Vain., Pyrenula parvula Müll.Arg., Pyrenula pertusarina Zahlbr., Pyrenula pinguis var. emergens (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Pyrenula plumbea Malme, Pyrenula pseudovelata M. Choisy, Pyrenula pudica Zahlbr., Pyrenula pulchella var. cinerascens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula punctella var. emergens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula punctifera Vain., Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée [erroneous spelling], Pyrenula rizalensis Vain., Pyrenula subnitida Müll.Arg., Pyrenula subpunctella (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Pyrenula subvelata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula trombetana Vain., Pyrenula vanoverberghii Vain., Pyrenula virescens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula vitrea (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Stigmatidium confluens C. Knight, Stigmatidium prominulum C. Knight, Trypethelium papillatum C. Knight, Verrucaria baileyi C. Knight, Verrucaria glabrata var. homalisma C. Knight, Verrucaria mastophora Nyl., Verrucaria quassiaecola Fée, Verrucaria subnitida Nyl., Verrucaria subpunctella Nyl., Verrucaria vitrea Eschw.] native, indigenous, synonyms in Aptroot (2012); Klara Scharnagl 2016 [MSC], Bungartz, F. 3908 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65443 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11571 [CDS], more... source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Anthracothecium falsarium Zahlbr., Parmentaria schiffneri Zahlbr., Pyrenula falsaria (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris] source: Benítez et al. (2015; as Pyrenula aff. falsaria), van den Boom et al. (2022); Benítez, A. 381 [HUTPL] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 394 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 392 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 395 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 393 [HUTPL] [Acolium montellicum Beltr., Cyphelium montellicum (Beltr.) Trevis., Cyphelium sessile var. montellicum (Beltr.) Keissl., Pyrgillus caliciisporus F. Wilson] source: van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 10068 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11728 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4688 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7315 [CDS] [Acolium javanicum (Nyl.) Stizenb., Calicium javanicum (Nyl.) Mont. & Bosch, Pyrgillus australiensis F. Wilson, Trachylia javanica (Nyl.) Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1986); Aptroot, A. 63999 [CDS] [Lecidea albovirens G. Mey.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 5913 [CDS], Truong, C. 1250 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6522 [CDS], Nugra, F. 584 [CDS], more... [Circinaria berteroana Fée, Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine berteroana var. berteroana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine cocoes var. endoxantha Müll.Arg., Pyxine meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri subsp. meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri var. meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissnerina Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, the spelling P. berteriana is an orthographical error. Even though Fée published the basionym as Circinaria berteriana the name refers to Carlo Luigi Giuseppe Bertero and the epithet must therefore correctly be spelled "berteroana", not "berteriana" (ICN Art. 60.1.), source: Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1986) [Pyxine cocoes var. caesiopruinosa Tuck., Pyxine sorediata f. caesiopruinosa (Tuck.) Hue] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, previously rejected because of confusion in Jughbluth (2010) with P. subcinerea, source: Weber (1986); Bungartz, F. 7132 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6641 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8676 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7788 [CDS], more... [Circinaria cocoes Fée, Coccocarpia pellita var. cocoes (Fée) Zahlbr., Lecidea cocoes (Sw.) Ach., Lichen cocoes Sw., Lobaria cocoes (Sw.) Räusch] source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Benítez et al. (2019), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 7146 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4544 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10515 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1633 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 4726 [CDS] [Phragmopyxine eschweileri (Tuck.) Clem., Pyxine cocoes var. eschweileri Tuck., Pyxine niveomarginata B. de Lesd., Pyxine rosacea Zahlbr., Pyxine sorediata var. eschweileri (Tuck.) Tuck.] source: Weber (1986), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007); W. A. Weber L-40208 [USU], W. A. Weber s.n. [VT], W.A. Weber l-40208 [UBC], Aptroot, A. 64007 [CDS], more... [Culbersonia americana Essl., Culbersonia nubila (Moberg) Essl.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Pyxine endoleuca (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Pyxine meissneri var. endoleuca Müll.Arg., Pyxine subvelata Stirt.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 9093 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5157 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4584 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4395 [CDS], more... source: van den Boom et al. (2022; as Pyxine cf. pungens) source: van den Boom et al. (2022; as Pyxine cf. retirugella) [Physcia melanenta C. Knight, Pyxine chrysanthoides Vain., Pyxine chrysanthoides f. chrysanthoides Vain., Pyxine meissneri f. sorediosa (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Pyxine meissneri var. sorediosa Müll.Arg.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, according to Elix & McCarthy (1998) the records of Pyxine caesiopruinosa in Weber (1986) belong here; A. Aptroot (pers. comm.) suspects that reports of P. connectens might also belong here, but all COLO specimens identified by W.A. Weber are fertile specimens of P. cocoes, source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Bungartz, F. 7235 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7253 [CDS] [Micropeltis maculata Cooke & Massee, Strigula maculata (Cooke & Massee) R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 8282 B [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10657 H [CDS] [Ramalina pollinaria var. anceps (Nyl.) Trevis.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1986); Hillmann, G. GAL-123 [CDS], Hillmann, G. GAL-90 [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10781 [CDS], Truong, C. 1353 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, in Weber (1986) as Ramalina denticulata, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Brodo et al. (2001), Weber (1986); Aptroot, A. 64771 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10519 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6191 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7167 [CDS], more... [Evernia calicaris (L.) Link, Lichen calicaris L., Lichen calicaris var. calicaris L., Lobaria calicaris (L.) Hoffm., Parmelia calicaris (L.) Spreng., Parmelia fraxinea var. calicaris (L.) Schaer., Platysma calicare (L.) Frege, Ramalina calicaris f. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris subsp. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris var. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris var. canaliculata Fr., Ramalina calicaris var. subamplicata Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. subfastigiata Nyl., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. canaliculata (Fr.) B. de Lesd., Ramalina fraxinea var. calicaris (L.) Schaer., Ramalina subampliata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subamplicata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subamplicata f. gracilis B. de Lesd., Ramalina subamplicata f. subamplicata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subfastigiata (Nyl.) Werner] problematic, no modern record; the record in Cevallos (2012) is based on Návas (1908) from Pifo (near Quito), source: Návas (1908), Cevallos (2012) so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Nugra, F. 443 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65739 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-128 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64151 B [CDS], more... [Ramalina evernioides var. canariensis (J. Steiner) Mereschk.] source: Davey (1999), Cevallos (2012) [Evernia flavicans f. tenuissima Meyen & Flot. nom. inval., Lichen linearis Sw., Lobaria linearis (Sw.) Raeusch., Parmelia celastri Spreng., Parmelia linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina calicaris f. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. membranacea (Laurer) C. Bab., Ramalina calicaris var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Bab., Ramalina canaliculata subsp. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina celastri subsp. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) G.N. Stevens, Ramalina ecklonii var. membranacea (Laurer) Müll. Arg., Ramalina ecklonii var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) F. Wilson, Ramalina ecklonii var. tenuissima Meyen & Flot., Ramalina fraxinea var. membranacea Laurer, Ramalina lanceolata var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Ramalina linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina linearis f. linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina ovalis Hook. f. & Taylor, Ramalina yemensis var. membranacea (Laurer) Nyl., Ramalina yemensis var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Zahlbr., Ramalina yemensis var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Zahlbr., Sticta ecklonii Spreng., Teloschistes flavicans var. tenuissimus Meyen & Flot. ex Müll. Arg.] parasitized by Lichenoconium cargillianum & Tremella tuckerae, source: Etayo (2017), Ochoa-Jiménez et al. (2015), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); T.H. Nash III 23815 [ASU], Harris, R. 17540 [MIN], Bungartz, F. 5490 [CDS], Benítez, A. 401 [HUTPL], more... source: Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Chuquimarca et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 402 [HUTPL] [Lichen complanatus Sw., Ramalina calicaris f. complanata (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. complanata (Sw.) Nyl., Roccella complanata (Sw.) Darb., Roccella complanata var. complanata (Sw.) Darb.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, syn.: Ramalina indica auct. non Fr., R. subasperata auct. non Nyl., R. interponens auct. non Nyl., R. subfraxinea auct. non Nyl., fide Elix & McCarthy (1998), source: Dodge (1936), Stewart (1912), Farlow (1902), Weber (1966, 1981, 1986), Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Bungartz, F. 6748 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10516 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64222 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8569 [CDS], more... native, questionably endem., Benítez et al. (2019) reported R. darwiniana also from continental Ecuador, presumabls the typical variety, but these specimens from the continent should be re-examined, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007) endemic to Galapagos, Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Santa Cruz, Puerto Ayora, near the Charles Darwin Research Station, 0°44'32''S, 90°18'10''W, alt. 5 m, on twigs of coastal shrubs, 24 May 2005, A. Aptroot 63029 (CDS no. 29757 ‒ holotype!; hb. Aptroot ‒ isotype) , source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Spielmann, A.A. 8163 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-68 [CDS], Truong, C. 1287 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9782 [CDS], more... native, questionably endem., Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Plaza Sur Island, 0°34'59''S, 90°9'54''W, alt. 1 m, coastal zone; eastern part with scattered and low vegetation of Sesuvium portulacastrum & Tiquilia galapagoa with occasional Opuntia, western part also with scattered shrubs of Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia, Maytenus octogona, and Castela galapageia, on wood, twig, 21 February 2006, Aptroot, A. 64433 (CDS no. 31001 ‒ holotype!; hb. Aptroot ‒ isotype) ; the species was until recently considered endemic to the Galapagos, but Benítez et al. (2019) reported R. darwiniana also from continental Ecuador, the records upon which these reports are based need to be re-examined, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Bungartz, F. 6279 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65362 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8887 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3396 [CDS], more... [Ramalina rigida f. dendroides Nyl.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Parmelia ecklonii Spreng., Ramalina calicaris f. ecklonii (Spreng.) Nyl., Ramalina linearis var. ecklonii (Spreng.) Nyl., Ramalina sprengelii Krog & Swinscow, Ramalina yemensis var. ecklonii (Spreng.) Vain.] problematic, no modern record, source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879) [Ramalina dendriscoides var. erythrantha Müll. Arg., Ramalina erythrantha (Müll. Arg.) Jaime Aguirre-C. & J. Orlando Rangel-Ch.] problematic, no modern record, source: Müller (1879) endemic to Galapagos, IUCN: Vulnerable A3b, c; in Weber (1986) as Niebla sp. nov. ined.; Typus: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla San Cristóbal, near Tortugueria Cerro Colorado, on lava cliff, 130 m alt., 2-June-2005, Aptroot, A. 63419 (CDS 30174 ‒ holotype!; hb. Aptroot ‒ isotype), source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Bungartz, F. 7019 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8843 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6575 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10185 [CDS], more... [Lichen fraxineus L., Lobaria fraxinea (L.) Hoffm., Parmelia fraxinea (L.) Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. ampliata Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. fraxinea Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. taeniata Ach., Physcia fraxinea (L.) Michx., Platysma fraxineum (L.) Hoffm., Ramalina fraxinea f. ampliata (Ach.) Anders, Ramalina fraxinea f. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea f. taeniiformis (Ach.) Leight., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. calicariformis (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. ampliata (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. calicariformis Nyl., Ramalina fraxinea var. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. taeniiformis Ach., Ramalinomyces fraxineae E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas.] source: Davey (1999), Cevallos (2012) endemic to Galapagos, Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Isabela, Volcán Alcedo, highest cinder cone along the trail going up the east slope, on bark of Bursera graveolens, 250 m alt., 10-March-2006, Aptroot, A. 65029 (CDS 31611 ‒ holotype!; hb. Aptroot ‒ isotype), source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Aptroot, A. 64128 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8615 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6151 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6028 [CDS], more... [Ramalina rigida f. montagnei (De Not.) Tuck., Ramalina rigida var. montagnei (De Not.) Tuck.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Bungartz, F. 6015 [CDS], Truong, C. 1503 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64189 [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 10752 [CDS], more... [Desmazieria peruviana (Ach.) Follmann & Huneck, Fistulariella javanica (Nyl.) Bowler & Rundel, Ramalina farinacea var. dendroides Müll.Arg., Ramalina farinacea var. squarrosa Müll.Arg., Ramalina javanica Nyl., Ramalina roesleri var. isidiotyla Vain.] parasitized by Lichenostigma maureri, source: Landrón (1972), Weber (1981, 1986), Kashiwadani (1987), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Etayo (2017), Chuquimarca et al. (2019); Bungartz, F. 6110 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9445 [CDS], Nugra, F. 1127 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63390 B [CDS], more... [Lichen pollinarius Ach., Parmelia pollinaria (Westr.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. pollinaria (Westr.) Fürnr., Ramalina humilis (Ach.) Röhl., Ramalina pollinaria var. humilis Ach., Ramalina polymorpha var. humilis (Ach.) A. Massal., Ramalina squarrosa f. humilis (Ach.) Oxner] source: Zahlbruckner (1907) problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Zahlbruckner (1905) endemic to Galapagos, IUCN: Vulnerable A3b,c (preliminary assessment); Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Santa Cruz, on coastal lava cliffs E of Puerto Ayora near Charles Darwin Research Station, 20 m alt., 29-May-2005, Aptroot, A. 63412 (CDS 30176 ‒ holotype!; hb. Aptroot ‒ isotype), source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Bungartz, F. 4503 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10080 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-60 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4479 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, in Weber (1986) as Ramalina linearis, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Dodge (1935, 1936), Weber (1966, 1986); Truong, C. 1312 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65146 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7733 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65033 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); Bungartz, F. 6174 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64181 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64171 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64374 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1981, 1986); Aptroot, A. 64206 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5641 [CDS], Hillmann, G. GAL-22 [CDS], Ziemmeck, F. 685 [CDS], more... [Ramalina dasypoga var. sorediosa B. de Lesd.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, In Weber (1986) as Ramalina furcellata, fide Aptroot & Bungartz (2007); in Stewart (1912) & Weber (1966, 1981) as Ramalina farinacea; in Dodge (1936) & Weber (1966) as Ramalina dasypoga, source: Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Dodge (1936), Kashiwadani & Kalb (1993), Landrón (1972), Stewart (1912), Weber (1966, 1981, 1986); Aptroot, A. 63225 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63745 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63318 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63381 [CDS], more... source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Alectoria usneoides (Ach.) Ach., Lichen usnea L., Parmelia usneoides Ach., Ramalina usneoides (Ach.) Mont., Ramalina usneoides var. usneoides Mont.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, according to Weber (1966) cited from Galapagos in Stewart (1912) and Linder (1934) as Alectoria sarmentosa, source: Landrón (1972), Aptroot & Bungartz (2007), Dodge (1936), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Linder (1934), Stewart (1912), Weber (1966, 1981, 1986); Aptroot, A. 64156 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64186 [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10765 [CDS], Jaramillo, P. 3055 C [CDS], more... [Ramalina fraxinea var. yemensis Ach.] problematic, no modern record; the record in Cevallos (2012) is based on Návas (1908) from Pifo (near Quito), source: Návas (1908), Cevallos (2012) [Lecidea heterocarpa Fée, Lecidea russula var. heterocarpa (Fée) Müll.Arg.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 7794 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7418 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11798 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6785 [CDS], more... [Gyalecta valenzueliana (Mont.) Tuck., Maronea porinoidea Zahlbr., Parmelia valenzueliana Mont., Secoliga valenzueliana (Mont.) Müll.Arg.] source: Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019); Aptroot, A. 64930 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65300 [CDS] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Phaeophyscia cf. hispidula and Physcia sp., source: Etayo (2017); J. Etayo 25337 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25337 [QCAM] [Ocellularia glyphica (Nyl.) Hale, Phaeotrema glyphicum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Phaeotrema glyphicum var. glyphicum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhabdodiscus glyphicus (Nyl.) Vain., Thelotrema glyphicum Nyl.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) endemic to Galapagos, Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Santiago, ca. 5 km inland from the E-coast; 0° 16' S, 90° 37' W; Bungartz 5208 (CDS 29421 ‒ holotype!) ; previously reported as Carbacanthographis saxiseda (Bungartz et al., 2010) but was found to represent an undescribed taxon (Lücking et al. 2013), source: Lücking et al. (2103), Bungartz et al. (2009), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1993); Bungartz, F. 5208 [CDS] [Carbacanthographis saxorum (Egea & Torrente) Lücking & Bungartz, Graphis saxorum Egea & Torrente] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2009) and Lücking et al. (2103) [Ovularia peltigerae Keissl.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera soredians and other Peltigera species, source: Etayo (2017); J. Etayo 19920 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 26309 [hb. Etayo] [Arthonia anombrophila Coppins & P. James] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Leptotrema heterosporum (C. Knight) Zahlbr., Leptotrema mastoideum Müll.Arg., Leptotrema santense (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Thelotrema heterosporum C. Knight, Thelotrema santense Tuck.] source: Bustamante et al. (2018) [Parmelia abstrusa Vain., Parmelia abstrusa f. abstrusa Vain., Parmelia abstrusa var. abstrusa Vain.] source: Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015); Benítez, A. 406 [HUTPL] [Parmelia insinuata Nyl., Parmelia limbata Laurer, Parmelia limbata f. limbata Laurer, Parmelia sphaerospora Nyl., Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora (Nyl.) Hale] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, the record in Cevallos (2012) is based on Leighton (1866), source: Leighton (1866), Cevallos (2012) [Hypotrachyna consimilis (Vain.) Hale, Parmelia consimilis Vain.] source: Nöske et al. (2007) [Canoparmelia cassa Marcelli & C.H. Ribeiro, Hypotrachyna congenita Kurok. & K.H. Moon, Hypotrachyna costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale, Parmelia amoena Zahlbr., Parmelia costaricensis Nyl., Parmelia deformis (Vain.) Vain., Parmelia hypotrachyna Nyl., Parmelia sublaevigata f. isidiosa Müll. Arg., Parmelia tropica Vain., Parmelia tropica var. deformis Vain., Parmelia tropica var. tropica Vain., Parmelinella inexplicabilis Marcelli & C.H. Ribeiro] source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Paroly & Kürschner (2004), Nöske (2005), Mandl (2007), Nöske et al. (2007), Sipman et al. (2009), Yánez-Ayabaca (2009), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Benítez (2016), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); K. Kalb 19274 [WIS], Bungartz, F. 6886 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6868 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6842 [CDS], more... [Hypotrachyna rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Hale, Parmelia rhabdiformis Kurok.] source: Sipman et al. (2009); K. Kalb 18085 [WIS], K. Kalb 18102 [WIS] [Hypotrachyna singularis (Hale) Hale, Parmelia singularis Hale] source: Sipman et al. (2009), Mandl (2007); L. Arvidsson & D. Nilson 1269 [US], Arvidsson... 1269 [GB], Arvidsson... 1327 [GB] [Cladia fuliginosa Filson , Rexia fuliginosa (Filson) S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas and Ahti] source: Ahti (1992), Ahti (2000), González et al. (2017a, b, 2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); Løjtnant, Bernt et al. 14811 [GB], Arvidsson, Lars et al. 7033 [GB], Molau... 2830 [GB], Arvidsson, Lars et al. 7033 [GB], more... [Ocellularia emersa (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Phaeotrema emersum (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Stegobolus emersus (Kremp.) Frisch & Kalb, Thelotrema emersum Kremp.] source: Nöske et al. (2007); Nöske et al. (2007); Klara Scharnagl 2143 [MSC] [Ocellularia isidiifera Hale, Stegobolus isidiiferus (Hale) Frisch] source: Nöske et al. (2007) [Ocellularia subemersa Müll.Arg., Stegobolus subemersus (Müll. Arg.) Frisch] source: Nöske et al. (2007) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta sylvatica, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25388 [hb. Etayo] [Buellia montagnei (Flot.) Tuck., Lecidea dispora Nägeli ex Hepp, Rhizocarpon disporum var. montagnei (Flot.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon montagnei Körb., Rhizocarpon montagnei f. montagnei Körb.] problematic, no modern record, source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879) [Aspicilia cinerea f. concreta (Ach.) Lederer nom. rejic., Biatorina concreta (Ach.) Mudd nom. rejic., Buellia concreta Eckf., Catillaria concreta (Ach.) A. Massal. nom. rejic., Catocarpus concretus (Ach.) Arnold nom. rejic., Catocarpus seductus var. concretus (Ach.) Eitner, Diplotomma petraeum var. concretum (Ach.) Jatta nom. rejic., Lecidea atroalba var. concreta Ach. nom. rejic., Lecidea concreta (Ach.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Lecidea concreta f. geminata (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea confervoides var. concreta (Ach.) Schaer., Lecidea geminata Nyl., Lecidea petraea f. concreta (Ach.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Lecidea petraea var. geminata (Körb.) Boistel, Patellaria concreta (Ach.) Müll. Arg. nom. rejic., Rhizocarpon concretum (Ach.) Zahlbr. nom. rejic., Rhizocarpon concretum f. geminatum (Körb.) Vain., Rhizocarpon montagnei f. geminatum (Körb.) Arnold, Rhizocarpon petraeum var. concretum (Ach.) Boistel, Rhizocarpon petraeum var. geminatum (Körb.) Boistel] parasitized by Muellerella erratica, Muellerella ventosicola, and Polycoccum versisporum, source: Etayo (2017) [Buellia geographica Räsänen, Diplotomma geographicum (L.) Jatta, Lecidea atrovirens var. geographica (L.) Ach., Lecidea geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica f. conglomerata Fr., Lecidea geographica f. geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica f. sorediata Croz., Lecidea geographica f. subcinerascens Nyl., Lecidea geographica f. urceolata Schaer., Lecidea geographica var. albohypothallina Maheu & Werner, Lecidea geographica var. contigua Schaer., Lecidea geographica var. cyanodes Nyl., Lecidea geographica var. cyclopica Nyl., Lecidea geographica var. geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica var. pulverulenta Schaer., Leproncus geographicus (L.) A. St.-Hil., Lichen geographicus L., Patellaria geographica (L.) Duby, Rhizocarpon diabasicum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon diabasicum f. diabasicum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon diabasicum f. smaragdina Räsänen, Rhizocarpon geographicum f. geographicum (L.) DC., Rhizocarpon geographicum f. urceolatum (Schaer.) Körb., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. arcticum (Runemark) Hertel, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. diabasicum (Räsänen) Poelt & V?zda, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. frigidum (Räsänen) Hertel, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. kittilense (Räsänen) R. Sant., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. lindsayanum (Räsänen) R. Sant., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. prospectans (Räsänen) D. Hawksw. & Sowter, Rhizocarpon geographicum var. urceolatum, Rhizocarpon kittilense Räsänen, Rhizocarpon lindsayanum subsp. kittilense (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon prospectans Räsänen, Rhizocarpon riparium subsp. lindsayanum (Räsänen) J.W. Thomson, Rhizocarpon semilecanorinum var. atlanticum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. arcticum Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. diabasicum (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. frigidum (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. prospectans (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. vulgare Runemark, Rhizocarpon urceolatum (Schaer.) Räsänen, Urceolaria geographica (L.) Link, Verrucaria geographica (L.) F.H. Wigg.] problematic, no modern record, source: Humboldt & Bonpland (1807) [Rhizocarpon obscuratum f. reductum (Th. Fr.) Schade, Rhizocarpon obscuratum var. reductum (Th. Fr.) Eitner] source: Nöske et al. (2007) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on cf. Gyalidea sp., Holotype PRA, Etayo & Palice 3493, source: Etayo (2017) [Arthonia ericetorum (Flot. ex Körb.) Clauzade, Diederich & Cl. Roux nom. inval., Celidium ericetorum (Flot. ex Körb.) Rehm, Gelatinopsis ericetorum (Flot. ex Körb.) Rambold & Triebel, Lecidea ericetorum (Körb.) H. Olivier, Nesolechia ericetorum Flot. ex Körb., Phacopsis ericetorum (Flot.) Vouaux, Stigmatidium ericetorum Flot. ex Körb.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on cf. Dibaeis, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 17354 [hb. Etayo] [Lobaria quercizans Michaux, Lobaria quercizans f. quercizans Michx., Lobaria quercizans var. quercizans Michx., Sticta quercizans (Michx.) Ach., Stictina quercizans Nyl., Stictina quercizans var. ornata Müll. Arg.] problematic, cited in Müller (1879) as Stictina quercizans var. ornata; despite the epithet it is not clear, if the name refers to Emmanuelia ornata or if it should be considered a synonym of Ricasolia quercizans, a species that Leighton (1866) reports as Stictina quercizans; no modern records have been confirmed for Ecuador, source: Müller (1879; as Stictina quercizans var. ornata Müll. Arg.), Leighton (1866; as Stictina quercizans (Michx.) Nyl.) [Lecanora colobinoides Nyl., Lecanora erysiphaea Nyl., Rinodina erysiphaea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina guianensis Aptroot, Rinodina sipmanii Aptroot, Rinodina sorediata H. Magn.] source: Bungartz et al. (2016), van den Boom & Elix (2022); Aptroot, A. 65451 [CDS] [Lecanora conradii (Körb.) Nyl., Merorinis conradii (Körb.) Clem., Pachysporaria conradii (Körb.) M. Choisy] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Punctelia stictica, source: Etayo (2017), van den Boom & Elix (2022); Etayo, J. 25673 [hb. Etayo] native, questionably endem., Holotype: Weber 433 [COLO 190377; L-40874], source: Bungartz et al. (2016) native, questionably endem., Holotype: Aptroot 63706 [CDS 30261], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Aptroot, A. 64205 B [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63706 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9212 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63702 [CDS] source: van den Boom & Elix (2022) [Lecanora colobinoides Nyl., Lecanora erysiphaea Nyl., Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina guianensis Aptroot, Rinodina sipmanii Aptroot, Rinodina sorediata H. Magn.] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Nugra 486 [CDS 37047], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 8865 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6197 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 2046 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6478 [CDS], more... endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Bungartz 3886 [CDS 27768], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 3439 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6543 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4725 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64994 [CDS], more... [Lecanora colobinoides Nyl., Lecanora erysiphaea Nyl., Rinodina colobinoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina erysiphaea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina sipmanii Aptroot, Rinodina sorediata H. Magn.] source: Bungartz et al. (2016), van den Boom & Elix (2022); Bungartz, F. 10390 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10444 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9146 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10389 [CDS] native, questionably endem., Holotype: Bungartz 4745 [CDS 28856], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 4880 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6738 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4867 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6712 [CDS], more... [Rinodina darrowii E. D. Rudolph, Rinodina sabulosa Tuck.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 4153 [CDS] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Bungartz 10362 [CDS 52602], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 10358 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10383 [CDS], Nugra, F. 1073 [CDS], Nugra, F. 1065 [CDS], more... [Huriopsis lepida (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr. & Lőkös, Lecanora lepida Nyl., Lecidea lepida Nyl., Rinodina flavonigella Tuck.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 8663 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11796 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7726 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7412 [CDS], more... endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Bungartz 4450 [CDS 28536], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Aptroot, A. 63088 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65380 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64883 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64554 [CDS], more... [Berengeria oxydata A. Massal., Buellia discolor (Hepp) Anzi, Buellia discolor var. discolor (Hepp) Anzi, Lecidea discolor Hepp, Mischoblastia oxydata A. Massal., Rinodina biatorina Körb., Rinodina discolor (Hepp) Arnold, Rinodina discolor var. discolor (Hepp) Arnold, Rinodina subarenaria A.L. Sm.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Aptroot, A. 65463 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64991 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4705 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63712 B [CDS], more... [Buellia rinodinoides Anzi, Lecidea rinodinoides (Anzi) Stizenb.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 4160 [CDS] [Blastenia subtubulata (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., Lecidea subtubulata C. Knight] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Bungartz, F. 6515 A [CDS] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Bungartz 4963 [CDS 29176], source: Bungartz et al. (2016); Aptroot, A. 63687 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4963 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6515 C [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65742 [CDS], more... endemic to Galapagos, IUCN: Vulnerable A3b,c (preliminary assessment); Holotype: Tehler 8653 [CDS 40614], source: Tehler et al. (2009); Tehler, A. 8737 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4795 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8683 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8792 [CDS], more... [Roccella capitata B. Werner nom. inval., Roccella colonii Follmann, Roccella fusca B. Werner pro syn. et nom. nud., Roccella geniculata Follmann & B. Werner, Roccella glebaria B. Werner & Follmann, Roccella obscurissima Follmann & B. Werner] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype of R. galapagoensis: Weber, W.A. s.n. [L-39130, B-128674 (Follmann, G. 25153); holotype of R. colonii: Weber, W.A. s.n. & Lanier, J. (COLO-294638); holotype of R. geniculata (= R. fusca nom. nud.): Pike 2519 (COLO-255637); holotype of R. glebaria: Sánchez-Pinto 6610-C [B-128667 (should be in TFMC 6610-C)]; holotype of R. obscurissima: Sánchez-Pinto 5070 (B-128640, previously in KOELN 34029); original material of Roccella capitata nom. inval.: Sánchez-Pinto 6609 (B-128701), source: Weber (1981, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Schofield (1984), Follmann (2001), Tehler (2007), Tehler et al. (2009); Jonitz, H. 12 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8728 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8609 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8662 [CDS], more... [Roccella babingtonii Mont., Roccella difficilis Darb., Roccella humboldtiana Follmann, Roccella mexicana Vain., Roccella montagnei var. peruensis Kremp., Roccella peruensis (Kremp.) Darb.] source: Darbishire (1935), Dodge (1935, 1936), Farlow (1902), Stewart (1912), Weber (1966, 1981, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Tehler (2002), Tehler et al. (2009), van den Boom et al. (2022); Tehler, A. 8756 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4514 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8658 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9081 [CDS], more... [Roccella fuciformis f. linearis (Ach.) Ach., Roccella fuciformis var. linearis Ach., Roccella linearis var. linearis (Ach.) Vain.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Roccella margaritifera f. octopodioides B. Werner nom. inval., Roccella octopodioides Follmann nom. nud.] endemic to Galapagos, according to Tehler (2009) the type of Roccella margaritifera is: Galapagos Islands, San Cristóbal, Lobería Pto Baquerizo, 1991, Sánchez-Pinto 6616 [holotype: B-128629 (Follmann no. 34900); isotype: TFMC], and the original material (not a type, because nom.nud. & nom. inval.) of 'R. octopodioides' Follmann nom inval. (= 'Roccella margaritifera f. octopodioides B. Werner nom. inval.) is: Galapagos Islands, Santa Cruz, Cerro Colorado, 1990, Sánchez-Pinto 7001 (B-128627) [transferred from KOELN 34900], source: Werner (2000), Follmann (2001), Tehler et al. (2009), Tehler (2007); Tehler, A. 8704 [CDS], Nugra, F. 132 [CDS], Jonitz, H. 13 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4478 [CDS], more... [Roccella botrytis B. Werner pro syn. et nom. superfl., Roccella floreana B. Werner nom. orth., pro. syn. et nom superfl., Roccella floribrassica B. Werner, Roccella floteana Follmann nom. nud. et nom. laps, Roccella incurvata B. Werner pro syn. et nom. superfl., Roccella kappeniana Follmann & B. Werner, Roccella stipitata B. Werner & Follmann, Roccella translucida Follmann & B. Werner, Roccellodea nigerrima Darb.] endemic to Galapagos, Lectotype selected by Tehler (2007): Hill s.n. (FH), source: Follmann (2001), Tehler (2007), Tehler et al. (2009); Tehler, A. 8743 [CDS], Truong, C. 1522 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4475 [CDS], Tehler, A. 8773 [CDS], more... [Chiodecton leptothallum Malme, Sigridea leptothalla (Malme) Tehler] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Sparrius (2008) [Peterjamesia circumscripta (Leight.) D. Hawksw., Sagedia circumscripta Leight., Sclerophyton circumscriptum (Taylor) Zahlbr., Sclerophyton circumscriptum f. circumscriptum (Leight.) Zahlbr., Sclerophyton circumscriptum f. dendrizum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Sclerophytonomyces circumscripti var. circumscripti Cif. & Tomas., Sclerophytonomyces circumscriptus Sparrius & P. James, Sclerophytonomyces circumscriptus var. circumscriptus Sparrius & P. James, Stigmatella circumscripta (Leight.) Mudd, Stigmatidium circumscriptum f. circumscriptum (Leight.) Carroll, Stigmatidium circumscriptum f. dendrizum Nyl., Verrucaria circumscripta Taylor] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Aptroot & Sparrius (2008), Ertz & Tehler (2010); Bungartz, F. 6691 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8841 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5214 B [CDS], Nugra, F. 640 [CDS], more... [Calenia conspersa (Stirt.) R. Sant., Caleniopsis conspersa (Stirt.) Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda, Phyllophthalmaria conspersa (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Thelotrema conspersum Stirt.] source: Cevallos (2012), Lücking (1999, 2008) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on cf. Hypotrachyna, Everniastrumsp. & Parmelia, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25524 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19979 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 17284 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20100 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25640 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 20173 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Pannaria rubiginosa, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20104 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 17293 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 26346 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19934 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19943 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera spuriella, Holotype H, Arvidsson & Arvidsson, 11 Jul. 1983, source: Hawksworth & Miądlikowska (1997), Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobariella subexornata, L. pallida, Sticta, source: Etayo (2017), Flakus et al. (2019); Etayo, J. 25623 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Stereocaulon sp., source: Etayo (2017; as Roselliniella cf. stereocaulorum); Etayo, J. 27005 [hb. Etayo] problematic, according to Etayo (2017) more likely a record of Roselliniella ramirezii, source: Cevallos (2012); Etayo, J. 19989 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 25735, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25735 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25639 [hb. Etayo] [Didymosphaeria gelidarium (Mudd) A.L. Sm., Polycoccum gelidarium (Mudd) D. Hawksw., Sphaeria gelidaria Mudd, Tichothecium gelidarium (Mudd) Berl. & Voglino] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Placopsis sp., source: Etayo (2017); J. Etayo 19907 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Placopsis gelida, Placopsis parellina, and Placopsis sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 17351, source: Etayo (203, 2017); Etayo, J. 17353 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 26264 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 17315 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 26344 [hb. Etayo] [Muellerella atricola var. lopadii (Vouaux) Keissl., Muellerella lopadii Vouaux, Roselliniella lopadii (Vouaux) Hafellner] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Brigantiaea, source: Etayo (2017) [Tricharia helminthospora R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999) Holotype QCNE, Lücking 96908, source: Lücking et al. (2005), Lücking (1999, 2008); Lücking, R. 96908 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Amphiloma elegans (Link) Körb., Amphiloma elegans f. elegans (Link) Körb., Amphiloma elegans var. elegans (Link) Körb., Callopisma elegans (Link) Trevis., Caloplaca dissidens (Nyl.) Mérat, Caloplaca elegans (Link.) Th. Fr., Caloplaca elegans f. elegans (Link) Th. Fr., Caloplaca elegans var. elegans (Link) Th. Fr., Caloplaca splendens (Darb.) Zahlbr., Gasparrinia elegans (Link) Stein, Gasparrinia elegans var. elegans (Link) Stein, Lecanora dissidens (Nyl.) Cromb., Lecanora elegans (Link) Ach., Lecanora elegans f. elegans (Link) Ach., Lecanora elegans f. tenuis Ach., Lecanora elegans var. elegans (Link) Ach., Lichen elegans Link, Lichen elegans var. elegans Link, Parmelia elegans (Link) Ach., Parmelia elegans var. elegans (Link) Ach., Physcia dissidens (Nyl.) Arnold, Physcia elegans (Link) de Not., Physcia elegans var. elegans (Link) de Not., Placodium dissidens Nyl., Placodium elegans (Link) DC., Placodium elegans f. elegans (Link) DC., Placodium elegans f. subpruinosa Räsänen, Placodium elegans var. elegans (Link) DC., Placodium splendens Darb., Squamaria elegans (Link) Fée, Teloschistes elegans (Link) Norman, Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr., Xanthoria elegans subsp. elegans (Link) Th. Fr., Xanthoria elegans var. elegans (Link) Th. Fr., Xanthoria elegans var. splendens (Darb.) M.S. Christ. ex Poelt, Xanthoria splendens (Darb.) Christensen ex Poelt] problematic varieties not resolved; it is not clear if the variety reported by Müller (1879) and Romeguère (1879) as Amphiloma elegans var. discretum, is a synonym of R. elegans; Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907) reported Caloplaca elegans var. tenuis, that name also remains not resolved, source: Müller (1879; as Amphiloma elegans var. discretum), Romeguère (1879; as Amphiloma elegans var. discretum), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907; as Caloplaca elegans var. tenuis); Sam Shushan sl-7313 [BRY], Erik Asplund L 293 [S] source: Lumbsch et al. (2011); Klara Scharnagl 2067 [MSC], Klara Scharnagl 2060 [MSC] [Endocarpon baileyi Stirt., Endocarpon wightii Taylor, Leptotrema baileyi (Stirt.) Shirley, Leptotrema ravenelii (Tuck.) Fink, Leptotrema wightii (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Leptotrema wightii f. wightii (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Leptotrema wightii var. wightii (Taylor) Müll. Arg., Myriotrema wightii (Taylor) Hale, Phaeotrema wightii (Taylor) Zahlbr., Thelotrema ravenelii Tuck., Thelotrema wightii (Taylor) Nyl., Thelotrema wightii subsp. ravenelii (Tuck.) Tuck.] native, indigenous, source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Weber, W. A [MSC], Weber, W. A [MSC], Klara Scharnagl 1996 [MSC], Sipman, H. 31 [MIN], more... source: Benítez et al. (2015); Benítez, A. 411 [HUTPL] [Glyphis medusulina Nyl., Graphis medusulina (Nyl.) Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous [Graphis ramificans Nyl., Phaeographina ramificans (Kremp.) Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2009); Bungartz, F. 3282 [CDS] [Asterisca tricosa (Ach.) Zenker, Glyphis tricosa (Ach.) Ach., Glyphis tricosa var. tricosa (Ach.) Ach., Graphis tricosa Ach., Medusula tricosa (Ach.) Mont., Opegrapha tricosa (Ach.) Stizenb.] source: Bungartz et al. (2009), Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019); Bungartz, F. 9935 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1492 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9853 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4889 [CDS] source: Knudsen et al. (2012) [Bombyliospora gemella Anzi, Diplotomma gemellum (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea gemella (Anzi) Stizenb., Lopadium alpinum (Körb.) R. Sant., Lopadium gemellum (Anzi) Jatta] source: Sklenář et al. (2010) source: Tibell (1996); Bungartz, F. 5839 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5882 [CDS], LeDee, O.E. OEL-00-01 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64628 [CDS], more... source: Tibell (1996); Bungartz, F. 9082 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 2005 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9785 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9126 [CDS], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on sterile lichen growing on wood, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20086 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25852 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19994 [hb. Etayo] [Bacidia attendenda (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Dactylospora attendenda (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea attendenda Nyl., Leciographa attendenda (Nyl.) P. Karst.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Pilophorus cereolus, source: Etayo (2017) [Dactylospora davidii Hafellner & H. Mayrhofer] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta sp., Sticta cf. filix, Sticta gr. sylvatica, source: Etayo (2017) [Dactylospora frigida Hafellner] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Pertusaria sp., source: Etayo (2017) [Dactylospora heterodermiae Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmeliella delicata, Hetrodermia cf. isidiophora, Holotype QCA, Etayo 19952, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19952 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 19952 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Buellia cf. aethalea, source: Etayo (2017) [Abrothallus lobariellus (Nyl.) Zopf, Buellia lobariella (Nyl.) Arnold, Buelliella nuttallii (Calk. & Nyl.) Fink, Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner, Lecidea lobariella Nyl., Lecidea nuttallii Calk. & Nyl.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobaria cf. tenuis, Lobariella crenullata, Lobariella pallida, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Phyllobaeis sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 27031, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 27031 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 20176 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 27031 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema, source: van den Boom et al. (2022) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Pertusaria sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25790 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20075 [hb. Etayo] [Coniocybe sanguinea Tibell] source: Tibell (1996); K. Kalb 18839 [WIS] source: Nöske et al. (2007); Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1713 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5896 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1888 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1723 [CDS], more... [Buellia japonica (Tuck.) Tuck., Lecidea japonica Tuck.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25528 [hb. Etayo] [Biatorina epiblastematica (Wallr.) A.L. Sm., Catillaria epiblastematica (Wallr.) Vain., Orbilia epiblastematica (Wallr.) Fr., Patellaria epiblastematica (Wallr.) Sacc., Peziza epiblastematica Wallr., Spilodium epiblastimaticum (Wallr.) Nieuwl.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera dolichorhiza & Peltigera sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20022 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25458 [hb. Etayo] [Leptogium dactylinum Tuck. ex Nyl., Leptogium tremelloides subsp. dactylinum (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Tuck.] [Collema atrocaeruleum var. sinuatum (Huds.) Rabenh., Collema lacerum var. sinuatum (Huds.) Flot., Collema scotinum (Ach.) Ach., Collema sinuatum (Huds.) Hoffm., Lathagrium scotinum (Ach.) Gray, Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J. R. Laundon, Leptogium pellucidum var. sinuatum (Huds.) M. Choisy ex Werner, Leptogium scotinum (Ach.) Fr., Leptogium scotinum var. scotinum (Ach.) Fr., Leptogium scotinum var. sinuatum (Huds.) Torss., Leptogium sinuatum (Hudson) Massal., Leptogium sinuatum var. scotinum (Ach.) Körb., Leptogium sinuatum var. sinuatum (Huds.) A. Massal., Lichen gelatinosus With., Lichen scotinus Ach., Lichen sinuatus Huds., Parmelia scotina (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia scotina var. scotina (Ach.) Ach.] source: Sklenář et al. (2010; as L. cf. gelatinosum) [Leptogium subaridum P.M. Jørg. & Goward] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) [Arthopyrenia lectissima var. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Boistel, Arthopyrenia leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) H. Olivier, Biatora leptalea Durieu & Mont., Bilimbia leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Trevis., Lecidea vernalis var. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Nyl., Porina leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) A.L. Sm., Porina leptaleella (Nyl.) Lettau, Porinula leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Flagey, Segestrella lectissima f. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) P. Syd., Segestria lectissima f. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Blomb. & Forssell, Verrucaria lectissima f. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Nyl., Verrucaria lectissima var. leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) Nyl., Verrucaria leptalea Stirt., Verrucaria leptalea var. obscuriuscula Nyl. ex P. Crouan & H. Crouan, Verrucaria leptaleella Nyl.] source: McCarthy & Palice (2003); Aptroot, A. 63345 [CDS] [Phylloporina octomera Müll.Arg., Porina octomera (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill.] source: van den Boom et al. (2022) [Phylloporina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Porina rubentior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Verrucaria rubentior Stirt.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Lepraria usnica Sipman, Nelsenium usnicum (Sipman) Lendemer] source: Bungartz et al. (2013c), Lendemer & Hodkinson (2013); Bungartz, F. 9689 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-146 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4681 [CDS], Truong, C. 1268 [CDS], more... [Siphula torulosa var. fastigiata Nyl.] source: González et al. (2019), Nöske et al. (2007), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Bussmann & Sharon (2009; mentioning ethnobotanical use of a not closely determined Siphula) parasitized by Spirographa fusisporella, source: Etayo (2017), Bussmann & Sharon (2009; mentioning ethnobotanical use of a not closely determined Siphula); Z. Palice 3146 dupl. [BG] [Lecania sulfureofusca (Fée) Müll.Arg., Lecania sulfureofusca var. sulfureofusca (Fée) Müll.Arg., Lecanora sulfureofusca Fée, Lecanora sulfureofusca var. sulfureofusca Fée, Patellaria sulfureofusca (Fée) Müll. Arg.] source: Nöske et al. (2007) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Megalospora tuberculosa & on a sterile lichen, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20050 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on sterile thallus and cf. Calopadia, Holotype B, Kalb & Kalb 18336, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25989 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25593 [hb. Etayo] [Agyrium flavescens Rehm, Calloria mulleri (Willey) Seaver, Niptera mulleri (Willey) Vouaux, Phacopsis mulleri Willey] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera dolichorhiza, P. soredians and other Peltigera species, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20182 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20181 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 26022, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 26022 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 26022 [QCAM] [Arthonia saccata (L.) Ach., Lichen saccatus L., Lobaria saccata (L.) Hoffm., Peltidea saccata (L.) Ach., Peltigera saccata (L.) DC., Peltigera saccata var. saccata (L.) DC., Platisma saccatum (L.) Frege, Platysma saccatum (L.) Frege] source: Arvidsson (1991), Sipman (1999), Cevallos (2012) [Discothecium araneosum (Rehm ex Arnold) Vouaux, Echinothecium glabrum M.S. Christ., Alstrup & D. Hawksw., Endococcus araneosus (Rehm ex Arnold) H. Olivier, Epicymatia araneosa (Rehm ex Arnold) Sacc., Mycosphaerella araneosa (Rehm ex Arnold) Lindau, Phaeosphaerella araneosa (Rehm ex Arnold) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Sphaerella araneosa Rehm ex Arnold] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Pertusaria sp., source: Etayo (2017) [Sphaerellothecium araneosum var. cladoniae Alstrup & Zhurb.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Cladonia sp., source: Etayo (2017) [Arthopyrenia coniodes (Nyl.) Zopf, Pharcidia coniodes (Nyl.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Pharcidia coniodes var. coniodes (Nyl.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Stigmidium coniodes (Nyl.) Triebel, Verrucaria coniodes Nyl.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Phyllobaeis imbricata and Dibaeis columbiana, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25663 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 26987 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 17303 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Heterodermia cf. japonica, Holotype QCA, Etayo 20030, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20030 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 20030 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Heterodermia cf. japonica, Heterodermia sp., & Heterodermia speciosa, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25529 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20030 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25374 [hb. Etayo] [Echinothecium reticulatum Zopf] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna sp. & Punctelia sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20099 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25514 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Stereocaulon sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19906 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 26297 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Thamnolia subbuliformis, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 26354, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 26354 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Porina subepiphylla, source: Lücking (1999) [Calicium kylemoriensis Larbal., Calicium leucopodum (Nyl.) Tuck., Cyphelium kylemoriensis (Larbal.) Sacc., Sphinctrina kylemoriensis (Larbal. ex Leight.) Cromb., Sphinctrina pedata (Stenh.) R. Sant.] source: Bungartz et al. (2011); Ertz, D. 11644 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11672 [CDS] [Calicium tubaeforme (A. Massal.) R.L. Seym., Cyphelium tubaeforme (A. Massal.) A. Schneid., Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal. [erroneous spelling], Sphinctrina turbinata var. microcephala (Nyl.) Mudd] source: Bungartz et al. (2011); Bungartz, F. 5897 [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 10757 [CDS] [Cornutispora ciliata Kalb] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Heterodermia sp., source: Etayo (2017) [Graphinella fusisporella (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Graphis fusisporella Nyl., Lecidea multifera J.A. Martind., Melaspilea vermifera Leight., Mycobacidia vermifera (Leight.) Vouaux] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on indet. crustose lichen with peritecia, indet. sterile lichen, cf. Pertusaria, and Siphula pteruloides, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19999 [hb. Etayo] [Pleoscutula hypotrachynae Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20060 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 17290 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25393 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19975 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta humboldtii, Holotype QCA, Etayo 26984, source: Etayo (2017), Flakus et al. (2019); Etayo, J. 26984 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 26984 [QCAM] [Cornutispora ophiurospora Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobariella crenulata and L. pallida, Holotype QCA, Etayo 20127, source: Etayo (2017) [Cornutispora pittii D. Hawksw. & Punith.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19968 [hb. Etayo] [Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich, Cornutispora pyramidalis Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna sp., source: Flakus et al. (2019); Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25483 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25495 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Flakus & Kukwa (2012), Flakus et al. (2019); Etayo, J. 19937 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19943 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19933 [hb. Etayo] source: Lücking (1999); Robert Lücking 96-542 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Lopadium aurantiacum Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Lopadium citrinum Zahlbr., Sporopodium leprieurii var. citrinum (Zahlbr.) R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 8288 C [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64710 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8625 B [CDS] source: Lücking (1999), Lücking & Matzer (2001), Lücking (2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); R. Lücking 96-491 [WIS], Bungartz, F. 7058 C [CDS], Erik Asplund L 194 b [S] [Biatora phyllocharis Mont., Ectolechia phyllocharis (Mont.) Trevis., Gyalectidium phyllocharis (Mont.) Müll.Arg., Heterothecium phyllocharis (Mont.) Tuck., Lecidea phyllocharis (Mont.) Nyl., Lecidea phyllocharis subsp. phyllocharis (Mont.) Nyl., Lopadium phyllocharis (Mont.) Fink] source: Lücking (2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Lopadium pilocarpoides Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 8288 D [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64278 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5523 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65307 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 8621 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9387 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9659 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8289 A [CDS], more... [Gyalectidium xantholeucum Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Thalloidima janeirense Müll. Arg.] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 412 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 413 [HUTPL] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Bungartz 6146 [CDS 34358], source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Bungartz, F. 5993 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3410 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63996 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6950 [CDS], more... [Huriella flakusii Wilk] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Bungartz, F. 4157 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65261 [CDS] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, Holotype: Bungartz, F. 4711 B [CDS 56235], source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Bungartz, F. 4709 B [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65729 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3581 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65488 B [CDS], more... endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Yánez-Ayabaca 2023 [CDS 48373], source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Bungartz, F. 10152 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 2023 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6168 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65718 A [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, Holotype: Aptroot, A. 65489 [CDS 32078], source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Aptroot, A. 65489 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64900 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65488 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64203 [CDS] [Caloplaca phyllidizans Wetmore] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2020); Aptroot, A. 65468 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64828 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4710 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4711 A [CDS], more... [Blastenia novomexicana Fink ex J. Hedrick, Callopisma americanum Malme, Callopisma aurantiacum var. irrubescens Arnold, Callopisma irrubescens (Arnold) Arnold, Caloplaca americana (Malme) Zahlbr., Caloplaca aurantia var. irrubescens (Arnold) Jatta, Caloplaca irrubescens (Arnold) Zahlbr., Caloplaca modesta (Zahlbr.) Fink, Caloplaca novomexicana (Fink) ined., Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca subsoluta f. subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora murorum var. subsoluta Nyl., Lecanora subsoluta (Nyl.) Nyl., Physcia subsoluta (Nyl.) Arnold, Placodium americanum (Malme) Räsänen, Placodium aurantiacum subsp. irrubescens (Arnold) A.L. Sm., Placodium subsolutum (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Teloschistes modestus (Zahlbr.) Fink, Xanthoria modesta Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, Bungartz et al. (2020b): The name is here applied in the widest sense. Material includes both specimens that more closely resemble the barely squamulose morphotypes of S. subsoluta s.str., as well as others that are distinctly squamulose and thus more closely resemble S. aff. squamosa. Although some Galapagos material phylogenetically seems to be part of S. subsoluta s.str., most specimens are part of various different other clades. They cannot presently adequately be assigned to any named taxon within Squamulea., source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Aptroot, A. 65480 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6438 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65488 C [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 10529 [CDS], more... [Ocellularia anamorpha Nyl. ex Riddle nom. inval., Rhabdodiscus anamorphus Nyl. ex Vain., Thelotrema anamorphum Nyl. nom. inval.] [Leptotrema metaphoricum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Ocellularia metaphorica (Nyl.) Hale, Rhabdodiscus metaphoricus (Nyl.) Vain., Thelotrema metaphoricum Nyl.] source: Nöske et al. (2007) [Stereocaulon alpinum var. alpestre (Flot.) C.W. Dodge, Stereocaulon tomentosum f. alpestre (Flot.) Nyl., Stereocaulon tomentosum var. alpestre Flot.] source: Návas (1908), González et al. (2019) [Stereocaulon paschale var. alpinum (Laurer) Mudd, Stereocaulon tomentosum var. alpinum (Laurer) Th. Fr.] source: Sipman (1992) [Stereocaulon meyeri subsp. atlanticum I.M. Lamb] source: Sipman (1992) endemic to Galapagos, Syntypes: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Isabela, Volcán Cerro Azul, SW-coast, Cerro Azul, between Iguana Cove and summit, 700 m altitude, steep grassy slopes, on fixed boulders above the wooded zone, 17-Jan-1984, Weber, W.A. s.n. & Beck, H. [distributed as Weber, Lich. Exs. [Boulder (Colorado) no. 645; holotype not correctly designated, needs lectotypification; L-83667 (4 duplicates all with same number)! ‒ syntypes], source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10602 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65750 [CDS], Nugra, F. 1060 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63170 [CDS], more... problematic, no modern record, source: Zahlbruckner (1907) [Cereolus condensatus var. condyloides (Ach.) Boistel, Stereocaulon condensatum subsp. condyloideum (Ach.) Nyl., Stereocaulon condensatum var. condyloideum (Ach.) Nyl., Stereocaulon condyloideum Ach., Stereocaulon paschale var. condyloideum (Ach.) Nyl.] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Zahlbruckner (1905) source: Sipman (1992) [Stereocaulon tomentosum f. glareosum Savicz] source: Sipman (1992); H.H. Iltis E--482 [ASU], Hugh H. Iltis sl-11528, e-482 [BRY], Hugh H. Iltis E-482 [WIS], Hugh H. Iltis E-482 [ILLS], more... source: Sipman (1986, 1992) problematic, no modern record, source: Návas (1908; as Stereocaulon paschale var. magellanica) source: Arvidsson (1991), Sipman (1999), Cevallos (2012) so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Elix & McCarthy (1998), Weber (1981, 1986); Weber, W. A 130574 [MSC], W.A. Weber s.n. [WIS], W.A. Weber... 1976-04-15 [UPS], William A. Weber s.n. [LSU], more... [Stereocaulon tomentosum subsp. myriocarpum (Th. Fr.) Nyl.] source: Zahlbruckner (1907), Zahlbruckner (1905); Hugh H. Iltis E-486 [WIS], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 6414 a [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 6627 [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 3389 [US], more... source: Sipman (1992, 1999), Cevallos (2012) problematic, an exsiccati specimen in WIS has been annotated by Lamb as Stereocaulon speciosum var. surreptans [Asplund s.n., WIS-L-0110237]; the origin of that name remains unclear, source: Hale (1985), Sipman (1992), González et al. (2017a, b); S.R. Gradstein 1976-06-13 [ASU], 7455 1976-06-13 [OMA], Asplund, E 179 [MSC], Harris, Richard C 17431 [MSC], more... [Baeomyces paschalis (L.) Wahlenb., Cladonia paschalis (L.) Baumg., Coralloides paschalis Hoffm., Lichen paschalis L., Patellaria paschalis (L.) Wallr., Patellaria paschalis var. paschalis (L.) Wallr., Verrucaria paschalis (L.) Humb.] problematic, no modern record, there are several reports of S. tomentosum, which previously has often been considered a subspecies or variety of S. pachale, possibly the basis for the record in Krempelhuber (1861), source: Krempelhuber (1861), Cevallos (2012) problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Navás (1908) [Stereocaulon claviceps var. pomiferum (P.A. Duvign.) I.M. Lamb] source: Sipman (1992); L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 17786 [US] [Lichen ramulosus Sw., Stereocaulon macquariense C.W. Dodge, Stereocaulon macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Linds., Stereocaulon macrocarpum A. Rich., Stereocaulon macrocarpum var. macrocarpum A. Rich., Stereocaulon mixtum Nyl., Stereocaulon mixtum var. mixtum Nyl., Stereocaulon proximum var. macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Stereocaulon proximum var. nudatum Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon proximum var. proximum Nyl., Stereocaulon pulvinare C.W. Dodge, Stereocaulon ramulosum (Sw.) Rausch., Stereocaulon ramulosum f. crebratum I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum f. elegans Th. Fr., Stereocaulon ramulosum f. nudatum (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum f. subcompressum I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum var. compactum Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. macrocarpum (Rich.) C. Bab., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. nudatum (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. submollescens (Nyl.) I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon submollescens Nyl.] [Stereocaulon ramulosum var. gracilius (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879) [Lichen ramulosus Sw., Stereocaulon macquariense C.W. Dodge, Stereocaulon macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Linds., Stereocaulon macrocarpum A. Rich., Stereocaulon macrocarpum var. macrocarpum A. Rich., Stereocaulon mixtum Nyl., Stereocaulon mixtum var. mixtum Nyl., Stereocaulon proximum Nyl., Stereocaulon proximum var. macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Stereocaulon proximum var. nudatum Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon proximum var. proximum Nyl., Stereocaulon pulvinare C.W. Dodge, Stereocaulon ramulosum f. crebratum I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum f. elegans Th. Fr., Stereocaulon ramulosum f. nudatum (Müll. Arg.) I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum f. subcompressum I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon ramulosum var. compactum Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. macrocarpoides (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. macrocarpum (Rich.) C. Bab., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. nudatum (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Stereocaulon ramulosum var. submollescens (Nyl.) I.M. Lamb, Stereocaulon submollescens Nyl.] source: Roumeguère (1879), Müller (1879; as Stereocaulon ramulosum f. elegans & f. macrocarpum, Stereocaulon proximum var. gracilius), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907), Sipman (1992), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007), Mittermeier (2015), González et al. (2017a, b), van den Boom et al. (2022); A. Ortiz 344 [NY], R.C. Harris 16959 [ASU], C. C. Bratt 8028 [SBBG], Prescott, G W 135769 [MSC], more... problematic, name not resolved, source: Müller (1879) source: Sipman (1992); D. Ugent s.n. [WIS], E. Asplund L 108 [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 17501 [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 3834 [US], more... [Stereocaulon paschale subsp. tomentosum (Fr.) Branth & Rostrup, Stereocaulon paschale var. tomentosum (Fr.) Duby] source: Leighton (1866), Hale (1985), Sipman (1992), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007), González et al (2017a, b, 2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); H.H. Iltis E--483 [ASU], S.R. Gradstein 1976-06-13 [ASU], H. H. Iltis E-483 [WIS], S.R. Gradstein s.n. [WIS], more... problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) source: Zahlbruckner (1905), Zahlbruckner (1907), Hale (1985), Sipman (1992), Sklenář et al. (2010); R. Rosentreter 13340 [ASU], W.L. Culberson 20383 [ASU], K. Anderson 1987-04-27 [ASU], W.L. Culberson 20383 [ASU], more... [Baeomyces denudatus (Flörke) Hepp, Patellaria paschalis var. nodulosa Wallr., Patellaria paschalis var. umbonata Wallr., Stereocaulon alpinum subsp. vesuvianum (Pers.) Fr., Stereocaulon alpinum var. vesuvianum (Pers.) Link, Stereocaulon botryosum var. vesuvianum (Pers.) Ach., Stereocaulon corallinum var. pulvinatum Rabenh., Stereocaulon denudatum Flörke, Stereocaulon denudatum f. capitatum Flot. ex Körb., Stereocaulon denudatum f. denudatum Flörke, Stereocaulon denudatum f. pulvinatum (Schaer.) C.W. Dodge ex Räsänen, Stereocaulon denudatum f. umbonatum (Wallr.) Arnold, Stereocaulon denudatum subsp. denudatum Flörke, Stereocaulon denudatum subsp. vesuvianum (Pers.) Th. Fr., Stereocaulon denudatum var. denudatum Flörke, Stereocaulon denudatum var. depressum H. Magn., Stereocaulon denudatum var. pulvinatum (Rabenh.) Flot., Stereocaulon denudatum var. umbonatum (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Stereocaulon denudatum var. vesuvianum (Pers.) Laurer ex Hepp] source: Sklenář et al. (2010); Richard C. Harris 17611 [MOR], E. Nickiforik s.n. [UBC], Aptroot, A. 63669 [CDS] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record; Holotype M-KREMP, Wagner, 1859, source: Lamb (1977) Typification: André 3961bis; André 3929, source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907); É. F. André 3961 bis [US] endemic to Galapagos, Type: Ecuador. Galápagos: Isla Santa Cruz, summit of Mt. Crocker, 800 m altitude, locally abundant on bare rocks, 1-Jan-1976, Weber, W.A. s.n., Lanier, J. [FH 79563 ‒ holotype!; L-72340, COLO 355791 ‒isotype!]; specimens distributed as Weber, Lich. Exs. [Boulder (Colorado) no.494 are not isotypes, but originally identified as Stereocaulon microcarpon, source: Lamb (1977), Weber (1981, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998); Nugra, F. 1097 [CDS], Truong, C. 1153 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8336 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63167 [CDS], more... [Lichen ambavillarius Bory, Sticta ambavillaria f. ambavillaria (Bory) Ach., Sticta ambavillaria var. ambavillaria (Bory) Ach., Stictina ambavillaria (Bory) Nyl., Stictina ambavillaria f. ambavillaria (Bory) Nyl., Stictina ambavillaria var. ambavillaria (Bory) Nyl.] problematic, no modern record; the record in Cevallos (2012) is based on Návas (1908) reporting the taxon from Pifo (near Quito), source: Návas (1908), Cevallos (2012); Etayo, J. 25907 [hb. Etayo] [Sticta andensis f. andensis (Nyl.) Trevis., Stictina andensis Nyl.] source: Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Benítez (2016), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), Fernández-Prado at al. (2022); Benítez, A. 415 [HUTPL] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Müller (1879) [Sticta paramuna Moncada & Lücking nom. nud.] source: Moncada et al. (2021), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022; as Sticta dioica nom. nud. and Sticta paramuna nom. nud.) [Stictina andreana Müll.Arg.] problematic, no modern record, source: Müller (1879) source: Moncada & Lücking (2012) source: Moncada & Lücking (2012), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 64695 A [CDS] [Sticta weigelii var. beauvoisii (Delise) Hue, Stictina quercizans var. beauvoisii (Delise) Müll. Arg., Stictina weigelii f. beauvoisii (Delise) Stizenb., Stictina weigelii var. beauvoisii (Delise) Stizenb.] source: Müller (1879), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) [Cladonia glauca f. dufourii (Delise) Vain., Cyanisticta dufourii, Lichen spongiosus Scop., Lobaria damicornis var. canariensis (Bory) Kunze, Pulmonaria canariensis Bory, Sticta damicornis f. canariensis (Bory) Ach., Sticta damicornis var. canariensis (Bory) Flörke, Sticta dufourei Delise [erroneous spelling], Sticta dufourii Delise, Sticta filicina var. dufourii Delise, Sticta fimbriata Schaer., Sticta sylvatica var. dufourii (Delise) Nyl., Stictina dufourii (Delise) Nyl., Stictina dufourii f. dufourii (Delise) Nyl., Stictina sylvatica subsp. dufourii (Delise) Nyl., Stictina sylvatica var. dufourii (Delise) Nyl.] problematic, name not resolved, source: Nöske et al. (2007; as Sticta fimbriata), Benítez et al. (2012; as Sticta aff. canariensis so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: McDonald et al. (2003); Ertz, D. 11906 B [CDS] [Stictina ciliaris (Mont. & Bosch) Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Stictina cometia Ach.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022, as Sticta aff. cordillerana) [Cyanisticta cyphellulata, Sticta intricata subf. cyphellulata (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Stictina cyphellulata Müll.Arg.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022, as Sticta aff. cyphellulata) [Lichen damicornis Sw., Lobaria damicornis (Sw.) Trevis., Lobaria damicornis var. damicornis (Sw.) Trevis., Parmelia damicornis (Sw.) Eschw., Parmelia damicornis var. damicornis (Sw.) Eschw., Parmelia damicornis var. orthoceras Eschw., Sticta damaecornis (Sw.) Ach. [erroneous spelling], Sticta damicornis f. damicornis (Sw.) Ach., Sticta damicornis var. damicornis (Sw.) Ach.] problematic, no modern record; according to Návas (1908) from Pifo (near Quito); specimens collected by Herre and Esslinger should be reviewed, source: Návas (1908; as Lobaria damaecornis); Y. Mexía 7055 [F], Calvin R. Sperling 5017 [hb. Esslinger] [Sticta laciniata var. dilatata Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Müller (1879) source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022; name introduced for Colombia, but not validy published by Moncada 2012) source: Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Chuquimarca et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 416 [HUTPL] [Stictina filicinella Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Lichen filix Sw., Lobaria filix (Sw.) Raeusch., Platisma filix (Sw.) Hoffm., Sticta filicina Ach. nom. illegit., Stictina filicina Nyl. nom illegit., Stictina filicina f. filicina Nyl. nom. illegit.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866; as Sticta filicina Ach. non Mont.); Etayo, J. 25797 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25380 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19997 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25832 [hb. Etayo], more... [Biatora fuliginosa (Dicks.) Fr., Biatora fuliginosa var. fuliginosa (Dicks.) Fr., Imbricaria olivacea var. fuliginosa (With.) Hazsl., Lichen fuliginosus Hoffm. nom. illegit., Lichen fuliginosus Dicks. nom. illegit., Lichen fuliginosus With., Parmelia dendritica var. fuliginosa (With.) Müll. Arg., Parmelia fuliginosa (With.) Schaer., Parmelia olivacea f. fuliginosa (With.) Th. Fr., Parmelia prolixa var. fuliginosa (With.) Nyl., Sticta sylvatica subsp. fuliginosa (With.) Fr., Sticta sylvatica var. fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Hepp, Stictina fuliginosa (With.) Nyl., Stictina fuliginosa f. firmior Cromb., Stictina fuliginosa f. fuliginosa (Dicks.) Nyl.] parasitized by Lichenotubeufia boomiana, Tremella stictae, Xenonectriella streimannii & Bachmanniomyces santessonii, source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Davey (1999), McDonald et al. (2003), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Mandl (2007), Benítez et al. (2012), Ochoa-Jiménez et al. (2015), Etayo (2017), Chuquimarca et al. (2019); Erik Asplund 54 [WIS], Hugh H. Iltis E-264 [WIS], Benítez, A. 417 [HUTPL], Etayo, J. 25626 [hb. Etayo], more... [Stictina gyalocarpa Nyl., Stictina gyalocarpa var. gyalocarpa Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Stictina humboldtii (Hook.) Nyl.] parasitized by Spirographa longispora, Niesslia stictarum, and Niesslia lobariae, source: Leighton (1866), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Benítez (2016), Etayo (2017), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), Fernández-Prado at al. (2022); Benítez, A. 418 [HUTPL], Etayo, J. 20002 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25705 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 26989 [hb. Etayo], more... source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022; name introduced for Colombia, but not validy published by Moncada 2012) [Stictina kunthii (Hook. f.) Nyl., Stictina kunthii var. kunthii (Hook.) Nyl.] source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); P.J.M. Maas 2987 [ASU] [Lichen laciniatus Sw., Sticta laciniata f. laciniata Ach., Sticta laciniata subsp. laciniata Ach., Sticta laciniata var. laciniata Ach.] parasitized by Fellhanera stictae, source: Leighton (1866), Müller (1879), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Mandl (2007), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Etayo (2017), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Benítez, A. 419 [HUTPL] [Sticta laciniata f. linearis (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb.] problematic, name not resolved, no modern record, source: Romeguère (1879) source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) [Lobaria latifrons (A. Rich.) Trevis., Lobaria latifrons var. latifrons (A. Rich.) Trevis., Sticta filicina f. latifrons (A. Rich.) Mont., Stictina latifrons (A. Rich.) Shirley nom. inval.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Sticta laciniata var. lenormandii Nyl., Stictina lenormandii (Nyl.) Nyl., Stictina lenormandii f. lenormandii (Nyl.) Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Sticta tomentosa f. leucoblepharis (Tuck. & Mont.) Zahlbr., Stictina tomentosa f. leucoblepharis (Tuck. & Mont.) Nyl.] source: Déleg et al. (2021) [Lobaria lineariloba (Mont.) Trevis., Sticta filicina var. lineariloba Mont., Sticta lineariloba var. lineariloba (Mont.) Nyl., Sticta variabilis var. lineariloba (Mont.) Stizenb.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 422 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 420 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 423 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 421 [HUTPL] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) source: Mittermeier (2015) source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 426 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 424 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 427 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 425 [HUTPL] source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 429 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 428 [HUTPL] source: González et al. (2017b) source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Moncada et al. (2020, 2021) [Sticta damicornis f. subscrobiculata (Nyl.) Stizenb., Sticta damicornis var. subscrobiculata Nyl., Sticta sinuosa f. subscrobiculata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.] source: Müller (1879); Nugra, F. 447 [CDS] [Lichen sylvaticus Huds., Parmelia sylvatica (Huds.) Hepp, Parmelia sylvatica var. sylvatica (Huds.) Hepp, Peltigera sylvatica (Huds.) Hoffm., Stictina sylvatica (Huds.) Nyl.] problematic, no modern records, source: Leighton (1866); Etayo, J. 25485 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25415 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25715 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25687 [hb. Etayo], more... [Stictina tomentella (Nyl.) Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, source: Leighton (1866) [Dystictina tomentosa (Sw.) Clem., Lichen tomentosus Sw., Lobaria tomentosa (Sw.) Räuschel, Pseudocyphellaria tomentosa (Sw.) Vain., Sticta richardii var. tomentosa (Sw.) Meyen & Flot., Sticta tomentosa subsp. tomentosa (Sw.) Ach., Sticta tomentosa var. tomentosa (Sw.) Ach., Stictina tomentosa var. tomentosa (Sw.) Nyl.] parasitized by Didymocyrtis micropunctum, Niesslia stictarum, Dinemasporium strigosum and Periconia atra, source: Müller (1879), Leighton (1866), Navás (1908), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Benítez (2016), Etayo (2017), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), Déleg et al. (2021), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Benítez, A. 430 [HUTPL], Etayo, J. 25645 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25768 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25480 [hb. Etayo] Holotype QCNE, Lücking 26252, source: Lumbsch et al. (2011); R. Lücking 26252 [F], Lücking, R. 26252 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Sticta damicornis var. weigelii Ach., Sticta quercizans var. appendiculata Müll.Arg., Stictina quercizans var. ciliata Müll.Arg., Stictina quercizans var. gaudichaudii (Delise) Nyl., Stictina quercizans var. glaucovirens Jatta, Stictina quercizans var. leucoblephara Müll.Arg., Stictina quercizans var. peruviana (Delise) Nyl., Stictina quercizans var. quercizans (Delise) Nyl., Stictina quercizans var. schizophylliza Nyl., Stictina quercizans var. trichophora Müll.Arg., Stictina weigelii (Ach.) Stizenb., Stictina weigelii var. weigelii (Ach.) Stizenb.] parasitized by Nectriopsis curtiseta, Lichenopeltella microspora, Niesslia lobariae, Chionosphaera apobasidialis, Niesslia stictarum,Tremella stictae, Lichenopeltella lobariae, Anisomeridium polypori, and Dacampia leptogiicola, source: Müller (1879), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1097), Farlow (1902), Stewart (1912; as Sticta quercizans), Svenson (1935), Weber (1966, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Lutzoni (2003), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Sklenář et al. (2010), Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016), Etayo (2017); Erik Asplund s.n. [WIS], B. Löjtnant & U. Molau 14585 [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 128 [US], L. B. Holm-Nielsen... 4055 [US], more... [Buellia gerontoides (Stirt.) Imshaug, Catillaria gerontoides (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Lecidea gerontoides Stirt.] source: Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 76 [HUTPL] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Cladonia lopezii, Holotype PRA, Palice 3189, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Etayo (2017); J. Etayo 25607 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19944 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25499 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobariella pallida, source: Flakus et al. (2019), Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25618 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Nesolechia cf. oxyspora, Puntelia sp., & Punctelia cf. reducta , Holotype QCA, Etayo 20062, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20062 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20087 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 20062 [QCAM] [Arthopyrenia fuscatae Arnold, Arthopyrenia fuscatae var. fuscatae Arnold, Arthopyrenia fuscatae var. olivaceae (Arnold) Arnold] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Acarospora sp., source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Heterodermia leucomelos subsp. leucomelos and subsp. boryi, source: Etayo (2017); J. Etayo 25334 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 17251 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25559 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25601 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna densirhizinata & Hypotrachyna sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 26973, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25654 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 26973 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20065 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 26973 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Marchandiomphalina foliacea, source: Etayo (2017) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Leptogium phyllocarpum & L. azureum, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25381 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 20177 [hb. Etayo] [Pharcidia peltideae Vain.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera sp., Peltigera cf. polydactyla & Peltigera soredians, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20125 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 26310 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 23444 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25576 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Placopsis spp. & Placopsis rhodocarpa, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 25419 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Microtheliopsis uleana and Trichothelium sp., source: Etayo (2017), Lücking (1999) [Rosellinia pumila Lettau, Sphaerellothecium pumilum (Lettau) Nav.-Ros., Cl. Roux & Hafellner] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Phaeophyscia endococcinodes and other species of Phaeophyscia, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 20040 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema reticulatum, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25439 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25534 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25427 [hb. Etayo] source: Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 77 [HUTPL] source: Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 78 [HUTPL] [Melanophthalmum antillarum Fée, Strigula elegans var. antillarum (Fée) R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Craspedon concretum Fée, Strigula elegans var. concreta (Fée) Zahlbr.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Phylloporina janeirensis Müll.Arg., Raciborskiella janeirensis (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001) source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Haploblastia nitidula (Mont.) Trevis.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 8283 B [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10657 D [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8288 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8276 C [CDS], more... [Phylloporina obducta Müll.Arg., Phylloporis obducta (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. & Tibell, Porina obducta (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001); Lücking (1999), Lücking & Matzer (2001); R. Lücking s.n. [WIS], Robert Lücking 96-742 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Phylloporina phyllogena (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Phylloporis phyllogena (Müll. Arg.) Clem., Porina phyllogena Müll.Arg., Porinomyces phyllogenus (Müll. Arg.) Bat.] parasitized by Opegrapha uniseptata, source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 64712 [CDS] [Didymaster myrtaceicola Bat. & H. Maia, Phylloporina platypoda (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Phylloporis platypoda (Müll. Arg.) Vězda, Porina platypoda Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Raciborskiella prasina (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Rivas Plata, E. 4095 B [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64217 B [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 8237 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8279 D [CDS], more... [Phyllocharis elegans Fée, Strigula elatior Stirt., Strigula elegans (Fée) Müll.Arg., Strigula elegans f. elegans (Fée) Müll.Arg., Strigula elegans subsp. elegans (Fée) Müll.Arg., Strigula elegans var. elatior (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Strigula elegans var. elegans (Fée) Müll.Arg., Strigula elegans var. eumorpha Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001); Rivas Plata, E. 4095 A [CDS] [Racoplaca subtilissima Fée] source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Palice, Z. s.n. [DUKE] [Blastenia phaea (Tuck.) Müll.Arg., Callopisma diplacium (Ach.) Müll.Arg., Caloplaca diplacia (Ach.) Riddle, Caloplaca diplacia var. diplacia (Ach.) Riddle, Caloplaca diplacia var. phaea (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca diplacioides (Vain.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca subdolosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca subsequestra (Nyl.) Riddle, Lecania euthallina Riddle, Lecanora diplacia Ach., Lecanora phaea Tuck., Lecanora subdolosa Nyl., Lecanora subsequestra Nyl., Lecidea phaea (Tuck.) Hue, Patellaria diplacia (Ach.) Spreng., Placodium diplacioides Vain., Placodium diplacium (Ach.) Vain., Placodium diplacium var. diplacium (Ach.) Vain., Placodium phaeum (Tuck.) Tuck.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2020b); Bungartz, F. 5630 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9967 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63296 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11540 [CDS], more... source: van den Boom et al. (2022; as Sulcopyrenula cf. cruciata) [Phyllobathelium obtectum (Vain.) H. Mayrhofer, Polyblastiopsis obtecta (Vain.) Zahlbr., Strigula obtecta (Vain.) R.C. Harris, Thelenella obtecta Vain.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 64931 [CDS] [Peccania mattogrossensis Malme, Synalissa matogrossensis (Malme) Henssen] preliminary identification, F. Bungartz: material needs verification; Bungartz, F. 5225 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5222 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5247 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8985 [CDS], more... [Chiodecton farinaceum Fée, Chiodecton farinaceum var. farinaceum Fée] source: Aptroot & Sparrius (2008), Benítez et al. (2019); Bungartz, F. 5933 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4649 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65387 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3881 [CDS], more... [Platygrapha flavescens Nyl., Schismatomma flavescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, most Galapagos specimens originally identified as S. flavescens are misidentifications of Cryptothecia assimilis, one specimen collected by Lawrence Pike (Pike 2772, OSC 59840) belongs to S. flavescens; in addition to the characteristic Syncesia ascomata this specimen also hava a browish black, felt-like sporodochia otherwise typical for Tylophoron moderatum, specimens that lack these ascomata, but have sporodochia and a UV+ bright orange thallus were previously thought to be an anamorph of T. moderatum; Aptroot, A. 64604 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3902 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64779 A [CDS], Ertz, D. 11569 A [CDS], more... [Arthonia glyphysoides Fée, Graphis glyphysoides (Fée) A. Massal.] source: Benítez et al. (2019); Benítez, A. 80 [HUTPL] [Chiodecton perplexum Nyl., Glyphis graphica Fr.] source: Weber (1986), Tehler (1997), Aptroot & Sparrius (2008), Benítez et al. (2019); Bungartz, F. 5681 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10181 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11516 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3380 [CDS], more... [Chiodecton leprobolum Nyl. nom. nud.] source: Weber (1986), Tehler (1997), Aptroot & Sparrius (2008), Bungartz et al. (2013), Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019); Bungartz, F. 8869 A [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10775 [CDS], Jonitz, H. 57 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4895 [CDS], more... [Platygrapha psaroleuca Nyl., Schismatomma psaroleucum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.] source: Tehler (1997), Nöske et al. (2007); Bungartz, F. 9795 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5094 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8466 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65185 [CDS], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna costaricensis, source: Etayo (2017) [Cladosporium arthoniae M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Dirina pacifica, preliminary identification; Index Fungorum: anamorphic Davidiella, source: Etayo (2017); Aptroot, A. 65758 B [CDS] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Tephromela atra, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 26246 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Placopsis rhodocarpa & Placopsis gelida, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 26979 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25419 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 19926 [hb. Etayo] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 8630 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8623 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9359 G [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8622 C [CDS], more... [Lopadium epiphyllum Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 7324 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8292 C [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9666 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7323 [CDS], more... so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 63395 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3486 [CDS] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Nugra, F. 910 B1 [CDS] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera sp., source: Etayo (2017); Nugra, F. 216 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64532 [CDS], Etayo, J. 20183 [hb. Etayo] Holotype QCNE, Lücking 96-556, source: Lücking (1999, 2008); R. Lücking 96-556 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Lücking, R. 96-556 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Lecidea moelleri Henriq. ex Nyl., Lopadium moelleri (Henriq. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr.] source: Lücking (1999), Cevallos (2012) [Lecanora nana Fée] source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Bungartz, F. 8293 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5013 A [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64607 D [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9362 A [CDS], more... [Bacidia rufula var. nigrata (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr., Patellaria rufula var. nigrata Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Bungartz, F. 8628 B [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64274 B [CDS], Rivas Plata, E. 4091 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7064 D [CDS], more... [Lecidea phyllophila Stirt., Lopadium phyllophilum (Stirt.) Müll. Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); Nugra, F. 525 [CDS] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Leptogium gr. mallotium , Holotype QCA, Etayo 20080, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 20080 [QCAM] [Borrera chrysophthalma (L.) Ach., Hagenia chrysophthalma (L.) Rabenh., Lichen chrysophthalmus L., Lobaria chrysophthalma (L.) Räuschel, Niorma chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, M.H. Jeong & Hur, Parmelia chrysophthalma (L.) Ach., Physcia chrysophthalma (L.) DC., Physcia chrysophthalma var. chrysophthalma (L.) DC., Physcia villosa var. dickieana Linds., Platysma denudatum Hoffm., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. chrysophthalmus (L.) Beltr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. cinereus Müll. Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. denudatus (Hoffm.) Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. chrysophthalmus (L.) Beltr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. cinereus Müll. Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. denudatus (Hoffm.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. dickieanus (Linds.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. dilatatus (Stizenb.) Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. flavoalbidus (Kremp.) Malme, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. hypoglaucoides Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. melanotrichus Maheu, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. subpulvinaris Gyeln., Tornabenia chrysophthalma (L.) A. Massal., Xanthoanaptychia chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Xanthoria chrysophthalma (L.) Stizenb.] source: Leighton (1866; as Physcia chrysophthalma), Davey (1999), Ochoa-Jiménez et al. (2015), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), Bungartz et al. (2020b); Spielmann, A.A. 10680 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7405 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4422 [CDS], Spielmann, A.A. 10681 [CDS], more... [Borrera exilis (Michaux) Ach., Physcia exilis Michaux, Teloschistes chrysocarpoides var. minor (Cromb.) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes costatus var. pallidus (Sambo) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes exilis f. dealbatus (Flot.) Hillmann, Teloschistes exilis f. exilis (Michx.) Vain., Teloschistes exilis f. inaequalis Gyeln., Teloschistes exilis var. dealbatus Hillmann, Teloschistes exilis var. exilis (Michx.) Vain., Teloschistes exilis var. pulvinatus Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans f. minor (Cromb.) Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans var. exilis (Michaux) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. minor Cromb., Teloschistes flavicans var. pallidus Sambo] source: Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879), Diels (1937), Ochoa-Jiménez et al. (2015), Etayo (2017), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), van den Boom et al. (2022); Patricia K. Armstrong 1033 [WIS], Patricia K. Armstrong 1033 [WIS], Culberson, William, L.... 20380 [DUKE], Culberson, William, L.... 20289 [DUKE], more... [Alectoria epichrysa Stirt., Anaptychia flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Borrera acromela Pers., Borrera flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Borrera flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Borrera flavicans f. laeta Ach., Cornicularia crocea Ach., Cornicularia flavicans Pers., Evernia flavicans (Sw.) Fr., Evernia flavicans f. maxima Meyen & Flot. nom. inval., Evernia flavicans var. melanotricha Meyen & Flot., Lichen flavicans Sw., Lobaria flavicans (Sw.) Trevis., Parmelia chrysophthalma var. flavicans (Sw.) Eschw., Parmelia flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Physcia acromela (Pers.) Nyl., Physcia chrysophthalma var. flavicans (Sw.) Tuck., Physcia flavicans (Sw.) DC., Teloschistes acromelus (Pers.) Vain., Teloschistes capensis var. cinerascens (Stein) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. flavicans (Sw.) Tuck., Teloschistes flavicans f. cinerascens (Stein) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) Norman, Teloschistes flavicans f. hirtella Vain., Teloschistes flavicans f. hirtellus Vain., Teloschistes flavicans f. laetus (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans f. uruguayensis Gyeln., Teloschistes flavicans var. acromelus (Pers.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. compressus Js. Murray, Teloschistes flavicans var. croceus (Ach.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. flavicans (Sw.) Norman, Teloschistes flavicans var. intermedius Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. laetus (Ach.) Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans var. maximus (Meyen & Flot.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes flavicans var. melanotrichus (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. roccelliformis Räsänen, Teloschistes flavicans var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Tornabenia flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Tornabenia flavicans f. cinerascens Stein, Tornabenia flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Xanthoria flavicans (Sw.) H. Olivier] parasitized by Didymocyrtis infestans & Nectria byssophila, source: Leighton (1866; as Physcia flavicans), Müller (1879; as Teloschistes flavicans var. acromela; name not resolved), Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907), Farlow (1902) Stewart (1912), Dodge (1936), Diels (1937), Weber (1966, 1981, 1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), LeDee (2000), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Parolly & Kürschner (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Ochoa-Jiménez et al. (2015), Etayo (2017), Benítez et al. (2012, 2015), Benítez (2016), Chuquimarca et al. (2019), Bungartz (2020b); B. C. Bennett 3807 [NY], C. C. Bratt 8024 [SBBG], Asplund, E 11 [MSC], Hugh H. Iltis E-538 [WIS], more... problematic, not clear what this variety is, source: Zahlbruckner (1905) [Niorma derelicta A. Massal., Niorma hypoglauca (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, M.H. Jeong & Hur, Niorma sennii (Sambo) C.W. Dodge, Niorma sennii var. sennii (Sambo) C.W. Dodge, Niorma sennii var. subaurea (Sambo) C.W. Dodge, Physcia hypoglauca Nyl., Teloschistes derelictus (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes hypoglaucus f. hypoglaucus (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes hypoglaucus f. nudus Hillmann, Teloschistes sennii Sambo, Teloschistes sennii var. sennii Sambo, Teloschistes sennii var. subaureus Sambo] source: Diels (1937), Cevallos (2012), Chuquimarca et al. (2019); J. Etayo 25341 [hb. Etayo] [Lecanora atra (Hudson) Ach., Lecanora atra var. torulosa Flörke ex Flot., Lecidea atroides Walt. Watson, Lichen ater Huds., Parmelia atra (Huds.) Ach., Parmelia subfusca var. atra (Huds.) Eschw., Patellaria atra (Huds.) Wibel, Psora atra (Huds) Hampe, Rinodina atra (Huds.) Gray, Scutellaria atra (Huds.) Baumg., Tephromela atra var. corticola (Hepp) Hafellner & Jerzer nom. illegit., Tephromela atra var. torulosa (Flot.) Hafellner, Tephromela torulosa (Flörke ex Flot.) Motyka nom. inval., Verrucaria atra (Huds.) Hoffm.] parasitized by Taeniolella atricerebrina, source: Leighton (1966), Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske (2005), Nöske et al. (2007), Benítez et al. (2015, 2019), Benítez (2016), Etayo (2017); Benítez, A. 84 [HUTPL], Etayo, J. 26246 [hb. Etayo] Type Lichenes Neotropici #447 [Kalb, Lich. Neotrop. [Neumarkt]]; non T. muscicola (Nyl.) Motyka nom. inval. et illegit. 1996, source: Kalb (1988); Kalb, Klaus ; Kalb, A. 1987-08-16 [CMN], K. Kalb & A. Kalb 447 [UPS], K. Kalb, A. Kalb 1987-08-16 [O], 41875 [TNS] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Kalb (2008); Bungartz, F. 3992 [CDS], Nugra, F. 119 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6451 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11766 [CDS], more... [Graphis cinnabarina Fée, Phaeographis cinnabarina (Fée) Müll.Arg.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2009); Aptroot, A. 65599 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8515 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 5756 [CDS], Truong, C. 1507 [CDS], more... [Cladonia subuliformis (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Cladonia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer., Lichen subuliformis Ehrh., Thamnolia vermicularis f. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Harm., Thamnolia vermicularis subsp. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer., Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer.] parasitized by Sphaerellothecium thamnoliae & Lichenopeltella thamnoliae, source: Etayo (2017), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Baeomyces vermicularis (Sw.) Ach., Cenomyce vermicularis (Sw.) Röhl., Cenomyce vermicularis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Ach., Cladonia amaurocraea var. vermicularis (Sw.) Flot., Cladonia gracilis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Mitt., Cladonia uncialis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Link, Cladonia vermicularis (Sw.) DC., Lichen vermicularis Sw., Patellaria fusca var. vermicularis (Sw.) Wallr., Patellaria turbinata f. leucitica Wallr., Pycnothelia vermicularis (Sw.) Dufour, Stereocaulon vermiculare (Sw.) Raeusch., Thamnolia subvermicularis Asah., Thamnolia subvermicularis f. subvermicularis Asahina, Thamnolia subvermicularis var. subvermicularis Asahina, Thamnolia vermicularis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer.] source: Müller (1891), Zahlbruckner (1905), Zahlbruckner (1907), Sklenář et al. (2010), González et al. (2017a, b); J. L. Luteyn 8862 [NY], B. Øllgaard 9652 [NY], R. C. Harris 17776 [NY], Harriet G. Barclay 9222 [WIS], more... [Aspidothelium fugiens (Müll.Arg.) R. Sant., Lecania fugiens Müll.Arg.] source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); R. Lücking 96-332 [WIS], R. Lücking 96-332 [F], Bungartz, F. 7088 A [CDS], Anna Koffman 96-595 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], more... [Microglaena inductula (Nyl.) Servít, Polyblastia inductula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Polyblastiopsis inductula (Nyl.) Fink, Verrucaria inductula Nyl.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 64895 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64805 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64896 [CDS] [Chromatochlamys muscorum (Fr.) H. Mayrh. & Poelt, Chromatochlamys muscorum var. muscorum, Chromatochlamys muscorum var. octospora (Nyl.) H. Mayrh. & Poelt, Microglaena holliana A.L. Sm., Microglaena muscorum (Fr.) Th. Fr., Microglaena muscorum f. muscorum (Fr.) Th. Fr., Microglaena muscorum f. octospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Microglaena muscorum var. muscorum (Fr.) Th. Fr., Microglaena muscorum var. octospora (Nyl.) Cretz., Thelenella muscorum var. muscorum (Fries) Vain., Thelenella muscorum var. octospora (Nyl.) Coppins & Fryday, Verrucaria muscicola var. octospora Nyl., Verrucaria muscorum Th. Fr. nom. illegit, Verrucaria muscorum Frege nom. illegit., Weitenwebera muscorum (Th. Fr.) Körb.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Dyctionema glabratum, source: Etayo (2017); Aptroot, A. 64832 [CDS], J. Etayo 25568 [hb. Etayo] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 4609 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4644 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3420 [CDS] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 63278 A [CDS] [Sagedia rubella (A. Massal.) Anzi, Verrucaria rubella (Nyl.) Leight. nom. illegit.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 64338 [CDS] source: Benítez et al. (2015; as Thelotrema aff. hawaiiense & Thelotrema hawaiiense); Benítez, A. 437 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 436 [HUTPL] [Ocellularia annulosa Müll.Arg., Ocellularia cricota F. Wilson, Ocellularia zeorina Müll.Arg., Phaeotrema consimile Müll.Arg., Phaeotrema cricotum (F. Wilson) Müll. Arg., Phaeotrema lacteum (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Thelotrema consimile (Müll. Arg.) Shirley] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 9277 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9632 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9492 [CDS], Dal-Forno, M. 1165 [CDS], more... [Antrocarpum inclusum (Sowerby) Spreng., Antrocarpum lepadinum (Ach.) Trevis., Endocarpon lepadinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Endocarpon lepadinum var. lepadinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Endocarpon lepadinum var. scutelliforme (Ach.) Wahlenb., Lichen inclusus Sowerby, Lichen lepadinus Ach., Lichen opegraphus var. scutelliforme (Ach.) Lam., Parmelia lepadina (Ach.) Hornem., Pertusaria lepadina (Ach.) Hornem., Thelotrema inclusum (Sowerby) Funck, Thelotrema lepadinum f. rupestre (Turner) Cromb., Thelotrema lepadinum var. inclusum (Sowerby) Ach., Thelotrema lepadinum var. lepadinum (Ach.) Ach., Thelotrema lepadinum var. rupestre Turner, Thelotrema lepadinum var. scutelliforme Ach., Thelotrema obconicum Räsänen, Thelotrematomyces lepadini E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas., Urceolaria lepadina (Ach.) Tuck. ex Curtis, Volvaria lepadina (Ach.) A. Massal.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Hillmann, G. GAL-15 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6890 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9300 [CDS] [Brassia porinoides (Mont. & Bosch) A. Massal. nom. inval., Ocellularia floridensis Fink ex J. Hedrick, Ocellularia porinoides (Ach.) Spreng.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) [Biatora arridens (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatora coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Oxner, Biatora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata f. terrestris Flot., Biatora coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata var. biatoriza (Vain.) Räsänen, Biatora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata var. petractis Norman, Biatora coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Räsänen, Biatora coarctata var. valamoënsis (Vain.) Räsänen, Gasparrinia coarctata (Turner) Tornab., Lecanactis arridens Nyl., Lecanora coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. cotaria Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. fulgiana Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. ochrinactella (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. sorediosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. subfumigata (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata subsp. angelica Parrique, Lecanora coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. argilliseda Dufour ex Schaer., Lecanora coarctata var. biatoriza (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. exposita (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora coarctata var. expositella (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata var. fossulans Stizenb., Lecanora coarctata var. listrata Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. prominula Schaer., Lecanora coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Zahlbr., Lecidea arridens Nyl., Lecidea coarctata (Smith) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Szatala, Lecidea coarctata f. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata f. deliciosula Th. Fr., Lecidea coarctata f. depauperata Leight., Lecidea coarctata f. fulgiana (Chevall.) Zahlbr., Lecidea coarctata f. prominula (Schaer.) Szatala, Lecidea coarctata f. sorediosa B. de Lesd., Lecidea coarctata f. subfumigata Nyl. ex Zwackh, Lecidea coarctata f. terrula Hulting, Lecidea coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata subsp. dioritica Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. argilliseda (Dufour ex Schaer.) Arnold, Lecidea coarctata var. biatoriza Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata var. dioritica (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. exposita Nyl., Lecidea coarctata var. expositella Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. lutosa Zahlbr., Lecidea coarctata var. ochrinactella Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea fulgiana Chevall., Lichen coarctatus Turner, Parmelia coarctata (Turner) Ach., Parmelia coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Patellaria coarctata (Turner) Wallr., Rinodina coarctata (Turner) Gray, Zeora coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata f. albomarginata Hazsl., Zeora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata var. variolosa Flot.] source: Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007); Bungartz, F. 3466 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 10538 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65499 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4138 [CDS], more... [Biatora coarctata f. glebulosa (Sm.) Arnold, Flora, Regensburg 67: 549 (1884), Biatora coarctata var. glebulosa (Sm.) Arnold, Lecidea coarctata f. glebulosa (Sm.) Leight., Lecidea coarctata var. glebulosa (Sm.) Mudd, Lecidea glebulosa (Sm.) Jatta, Lecidea granulosa f. glebulosa (Sm.) Sandst., Lecidea gregaria G. Merr., Lecidea pholidiota Ach., Syn. meth. lich. (Lund): 53 (1814), Lepidoma glebulosum (Sm.) Gray, Lichen glebulosus Sm., Patellaria glebulosa (Sm.) Spreng., Psora glebulosa (Sm.) Hook.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Aptroot, A. 65498 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4194 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65294 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65263 A [CDS] [Biatora decolorans var. flexuosa (Fr.) Fr., Biatora flexuosa Fr., Biatora granulosa var. flexuosa (Fr.) Flot., Lecidea aeruginosa Borr., Lecidea decolorans subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Cromb., Lecidea decolorans var. flexuosa (Fr.) Link, Lecidea flexuosa (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea flexuosa f. aeruginosa (Borrer) Leight., Lecidea flexuosa f. flexuosa Fr., Lecidea flexuosa var. aeruginosa (Borrer) Mudd, Lecidea flexuosa var. flexuosa Fr., Lecidea granulosa subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Th. Fr., Lecidea granulosa var. flexuosa (Fr.) Schaer., Lecidea sapinea f. aeruginosa (Borrer) Zahlbr., Lecidea sporadiza Stirt., Lecidea wallrothii subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Lamy, Trapelia flexuosa (Fr.) Neuwirth & Türk nom. inval.] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 6810 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64836 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65092 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64837 [CDS], more... [Lecidea glaucolepidea Nyl., Psora glaucolepidea (Nyl.) Mudd] parasitized by Merismatium decolorans, source: González et al. (2019), Palice & Printzen (2004), Etayo (2017) [Lecidea admiscens Nyl., Lecidea glaucopholis Nyl.] preliminary identification, F. Bungartz: material needs verification; Aptroot, A. 63213 [CDS] [Biatora decolorans (Hoffm.) Fr., Biatora decolorans var. decolorans (Hoffm.) Fr., Biatora granulosa (Hoffm.) Flot., Biatora granulosa f. granulosa (Ehrh.) Flot., Biatora granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Flot., Biatora viridescens var. sapinea Fr., Helocarpon granulosum (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Helocarpon granulosum f. granulosum (Ehrh.) M. Choisy, Helocarpon sapineum (Fr.) M. Choisy, Lecanora granulosa (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans f. fusconigra Nyl., Lecidea decolorans subsp. decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans var. decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans var. quadricolor (Dicks.) Branth & Rostr., Lecidea granulosa (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. aporetica Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. fusconigra (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Lecidea granulosa f. glomerata Erichsen, Lecidea granulosa f. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. hilaris (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Lecidea granulosa subsp. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea quadricolor (Dicks.) Borrer, Lecidea sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea sapinea f. sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea sapinea var. sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lichen quadricolor Dicks., Patellaria decolorans Hoffm., Trapelia granulosa (Hoffm.) V. Wirth, Verrucaria decolorans (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Verrucaria granulosa Hoffm.] source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), González et al. (2019), Nöske et al. (2007), Nöske & Sipman (2004), van den Boom et al. (2022); Bungartz, F. 8188 [CDS], Etayo, J. 27029 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20126 [hb. Etayo] [Lecidea haumanii Zahlbr., Psora haumanii (Zahlbr.) C.W. Dodge] parasitized by Merismatium decolorans, source: Etayo (2017) preliminary identification, F. Bungartz: material needs verification; Aptroot, A. 63166 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64644 [CDS] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Astrothelium, source: Diederich et al. (2022) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Cladonia sp., source: Etayo (2017, 2020), Diederich et al. (2022); Etayo, J. 25913 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Coccocarpia sp., source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); Etayo, J. 20140 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema, Holotype BR, Etayo 19911, source: Diederich et al. (2022) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Trypethelium nitidiusculum, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 19992 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Herpothallon, source: Diederich et al. (2022) * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Leptogium burguesii, L. phyllocarpum, L. vesiculosum and other Leptogium species, source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); Etayo, J. 25629 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 20177 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20122 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 26314 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Leucodermia, source: Diederich et al. (2022); J. Etayo 17260 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobariella crenulata, L. pallida, L. subexornata, Pseudocyphellarias arvidsonii, Yoshimuriella peltigerae, and Y. subdissecta, source: Diederich (1996), Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25426 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20124 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20136 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25609 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Hypotrachyna sp., Parmotrema reticulatum, and Punctelia sp., source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); J. Etayo 26671 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25548 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25508 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25875 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Phaeophyscia sp., source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); J. Etayo 25340 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25469 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Sticta weigelii & S. fuliginosa , source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); Etayo, J. 20101 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 17261 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25819 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25613 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Ramalina celastri & Ramalina sp., source: Etayo (2017), Diederich et al. (2022); J. Etayo 25558 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20094 [hb. Etayo] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Lopadium carneum Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) [Santricharia farinosa (R. Sant.) XavierLeite, M. Cáceres & Lücking] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) [Batistomyces hyalinus (Kalb & Vězda) Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Lücking] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 7081 A [CDS] [Microxyphiomyces lancicarpus (Kalb & Vězda) XavierLeite, M. Cáceres & Lücking] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) source: Lücking (1999, 2008); R. Lücking 96-1079 [WIS] [Microxyphiomyces similis (Vězda) Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Lücking] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous; Bungartz, F. 8622 A [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7081 B [CDS] [Lopadium urceolatum Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001); Bungartz, F. 7081 C [CDS], Erik Asplund 194 c [S], Erik Asplund 194 c [S] [Microxyphiomyces manaosensis Bat., Valle & Peres, Microxyphiomyces vainioi (R. Sant.) Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Lücking] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 63327 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8617 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7097 C [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9666 B [CDS], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 19933, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25713 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 17267 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19933 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. & Palice, Z. 19933 [QCAM] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 26346 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 25510 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 25331 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19956 [hb. Etayo], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema sp. & Everniastrum sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 20108, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25612 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 20108 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Leptogium sp. & Leptogium phyllocarpum, Holotype QCA, Etayo 17236, source: Etayo (2001); J. Etayo 26659 [hb. Etayo], J. Etayo 17236 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Lobariella subexornata and L. pallida, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25651 [hb. Etayo], Etayo, J. 19986 [hb. Etayo] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Usnea sp., source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25476 [hb. Etayo] [Trichothelium epiphyllum Müll.Arg., Trichothelium epiphyllum var. epiphyllum Müll.Arg.] for T. epiphyllum "ulei" or "montanum" sensu Lücking (1999) see T. montanum and T. ulei, source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom (2022); Bungartz, F. 7312 A [CDS], Ertz, D. 11725 [CDS] [Lasiosphaeria annulata P. Karst., Hedwigia 28: 193 (1889)] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001); R. Lücking s.n. [WIS], Robert Lücking 96-864 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Robert Lücking 96-628 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] source: Lücking & Ferraro (1997), Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022); Robert Lücking 96-411 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] source: Lücking (1998, 2008) source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Robert Lücking 96-167 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Robert Lücking 96-172 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Robert Lücking 96-649 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] source: Flakus et al. (2013), Nöske et al. (2007) source: Benítez et al. (2015), Benítez (2016); Benítez, A. 441 [HUTPL], Benítez, A. 442 [HUTPL] [Trichothelium alboatrum var. javanicum F. Schill.] problematic, only in Cevallos (2012), most likely erroneous, according to Lücking (2008) not a neotropical species, but from East Asia and Australia, source: Cevallos (2012; erroneously reported, not cited in Lücking 1999) Holotype Kalb, Kalb & Kalb 18442, source: Lücking & Cáceres (2004) Holotype PRM, Palice 2823, source: McCarthy & Palice (2003), Lücking & Cáceres (2004) source: van den Boom et al. (2022) source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Trichothelium epiphyllum var. minutum Lücking] source: Lücking (1999, 2008) source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001) [Trichothelium montanum f. latisporum Lücking, Trichothelium montanum f. montanum Lücking] in Lücking (1999) cited as T. epiphyllum "montanum" form sensu Lücking (1998), source: Lücking (1999, 2008); Ertz, D. 11549 [CDS] [Trichothelium epiphyllum var. pallescens Müll.Arg.] source: Lücking (1999, 2008), Lücking & Matzer (2001), van den Boom et al. (2022) source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) source: Lücking (1999, 2008), van den Boom et al. (2022) source: Lücking (1999), Lücking & Matzer (2001) source: Lücking (2008) source: Lücking (2008) in Lücking (1999) cited as T. epiphyllum "ulei" form sensu Lücking (1998), source: Lücking (1999, 2008) [Trichosporum elegans (Corda) Boud.] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Parmotrema sp., source: Etayo (2017; as Triposporium cf. elegans); Etayo, J. 25840 [hb. Etayo] [Astrothelium varium Eschw., Astrothelium varium var. citrinum Eschw., Astrothelium varium var. varium Eschw., Holstiella usambarensis Henn., Massarina usambarensis (Henn.) Höhn., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. subsulphurea Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. anacardii (Fée) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. sprengelii (Ach.) Vain., Trypethelium anacardii Fée, Trypethelium areolatum Mont., Trypethelium assimile Stirt., Trypethelium crocosarca Berk. & Broome, Trypethelium eluteriae var. anacardii (Fée) Zahlbr., Trypethelium eluteriae var. citrinum (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Trypethelium eluteriae var. endochlorum Müll. Arg., Flora, Regensburg 68: 255 (1885), Trypethelium eluteriae var. expallidum Müll. Arg., Trypethelium eluteriae var. nigricans (Fée) Trevis., Trypethelium eluteriae var. sprengelii (Ach.) Zahlbr., Trypethelium eluteriae var. subsulphureum (Vain.) Riddle, Trypethelium eluteriae var. truncatum Müll.Arg., Trypethelium insigne Müll.Arg., Trypethelium leprosulum Zahlbr., Trypethelium luteum Taylor, Trypethelium medians Harm., Trypethelium montagnei Trevis., Trypethelium perrotetii Fée, Trypethelium pringlei Eckfeldt, Trypethelium scitulens Eckfeldt, Trypethelium sprengelii Ach., Trypethelium sprengelii var. anacardii (Fée) Nyl., Trypethelium sprengelii var. nigricans Fée, Trypethelium sprengelii var. sprengelii Ach., Trypethelium subsulphureum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria trypetheliiformis Mont.] source: Weber (1986), Elix & McCarthy (1998), Benítez (2016), Benítez et al. (2019), Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 63107 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3355 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6513 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3361 [CDS], more... [Trypethelium ceylonicum Makhija & Patw., Trypethelium eluteriae var. polystomum Malme] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022) source: Tibell (1996), van den Boom et al. (2022) endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Ertz 11794 [CDS 37153], source: Ertz et al. (2011); Ertz, D. 11590 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8114 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8749 [CDS], Ertz, D. 11576 [CDS], more... [Blarneya hibernica D. Hawksw., Coppins & P. James] * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); host not indicated, source: Ertz et al. (2011), Etayo (2017); Bungartz, F. 8638 [CDS], Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1867 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 64494 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 3931 [CDS], more... [Ditylis moderata (Nyl.) Clem.] source: Tibell (1996), van den Boom et al. (2022); Aptroot, A. 64314 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6772 [CDS], Miranda, R. 958 [CDS], Herrera-Campos, M.A. 10637 [CDS], more... [Omphalodiscus africanus (Jatta) Llano, Umbilicaria haplocarpa var. africana Jatta] source: Hestmark (2016), Sklenář et al. (2010; as U. cf. africana); G. Hestmark 94002 [O], G. Hestmark 94018 [O], G. Hestmark 94020 [O], G. Hestmark 94011 [O], more... [Gyrophora aprina (Nyl.) Nyl., Gyrophora canescens Dombr., Umbilicaria canescens (Dombr.) Dombr.] source: Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94022 [O], G. Hestmark 94106 [O], G. Hestmark 94105 [O], G. Hestmark 94109 [O], more... Holotype O, Hestmark 94101, source: Hestmark (2016) [Gyrophora calvescens (Nyl.) Nyl.] problematic; only cited in Cevallos (2012), but according to Hestmark (2016) known from Peru and Bolivia and closely related to U. leprosa, but not yet confirmed from Ecuador, source: Cevallos (2012) [Gyrophora cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Schol., Gyrophora cinereorufescens var. cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Schol., Gyrophoropsis cinereorufescens (Schaer.) M. Choisy, Umbilicaria vellea f. cinereorufescens Schaer.] source: Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94096 [O], G. Hestmark 94079 [O], G. Hestmark 94118 [O], G. Hestmark 94093 [O], more... [Agyrophora decussata (Vill.) Gyeln., Gyrophora decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora decussata f. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora decussata var. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Lichen decussatus Vill., Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Omphalodiscus decussatus f. decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Omphalodiscus decussatus var. decussatus (Vill.) Schol.] source: Llano (1950; as Omphalodiscus decussatus), Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94073 [O], G. Hestmark 94074 [O], G. Hestmark 94070 [O], G. Hestmark 94075 [O], more... [Umbilicaria vellea var. dendrophora Poelt] according to Hestmark (2016) Kunth's reports of U. cylindriaca belong here, source: Kunth (1822-1825, as U. cylindrica), Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94102 [O], G. Hestmark 94009 [O], G. Hestmark 94005 [O], G. Hestmark 94081 [O], more... [Agyrophora haplocarpa (Nyl.) Llano, Agyrophora haplocarpa var. haplocarpa (Nyl.) Llano, Gyrophora haplocarpa (Nyl.) Räsänen, Gyrophora haplocarpa var. haplocarpa (Nyl.) Räsänen, Gyrophoropsis haplocarpa (Nyl.) Räsänen, Gyrophoropsis haplocarpa var. haplocarpa (Nyl.) Räsänen, Merophora haplocarpa (Nyl.) Clem., Umbilicaria haplocarpa f. haplocarpa Nyl., Umbilicaria haplocarpa var. haplocarpa Nyl.] according to Hestmark (2016) Llano's reports of U. zahlbruckneri belong here and to U. nylanderiana; a specimen in WIS is annotated as U. zahlbruckneri [Amstrong 1032, WIS-L-0107785], source: Llano (1950), Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94043 [O], G. Hestmark 94050 [O], G. Hestmark 94046 [O], G. Hestmark 94048 [O], more... [Gyromium velleum var. hirsutum (Sw. ex Westr.) Wahlenb., Gyromium velleum var. murinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora depressa f. murina (Ach.) Schaer., Gyrophora depressa var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Schaer., Gyrophora grisea Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora grisea f. grisea (Hoffm.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta f. grisea (Hoffm.) Bachm., Gyrophora hirsuta f. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta f. murina (Ach.) Anzi, Gyrophora hirsuta var. grisea (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora hirsuta var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta var. murina (Ach.) Flörke, Gyrophora murina (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora spodochroa f. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Arnold, Gyrophora vellea var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Rabenh., Lecidea hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Spreng., Lecidea hirsuta var. murina (Ach.) Spreng., Lichen hirsutus Sw. ex Westr., Lichen murinus Ach., Umbilicaria depressa var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Schaer., Umbilicaria depressa var. murina (Ach.) Duby, Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm., Umbilicaria grisea f. grisea Ach., Umbilicaria hirsuta var. grisea (Ach.) Tuck., Umbilicaria murina (Ach.) DC., Umbilicaria murina f. grisea (Hoffm.) Lamy, Umbilicaria varia var. grisea (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria vellea f. grisea (Hoffm.) Schaer., Umbilicaria vellea f. murina (Ach.) Fr., Umbilicaria vellea var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Fr., Umbilicaria vellea var. murina (Ach.) Grognot] problematic; according to Hestmark (2016) a species restricted to the Northern Hemispere; most reports from Ecuador probably refer to the morphologically very similar U. leprosa, source: Hestmark (2016) [Gyrophora leprosa Zahlbr.] Holotype W 7660, source: Zahlbruckner (1905, 19077), Hestmark (2016); K. Kalb 19090 [WIS], G. Hestmark 94064 [O], G. Hestmark 94065 [O], G. Hestmark 94055 [O], more... [Gyrophora corrugata Arnold nom. illegit., Gyrophora nylanderiana Zahlbr., Umbilicaria corrugata Nyl. nom. illegit.] according to Hestmark (2016) Llano's reports of U. zahlbruckneri belong here and to U. haplocarpa, as well as reports of Kunth (1822-1825) of U. rugosa; a specimen in WIS is annotated as U. zahlbruckneri [Amstrong 1032, WIS-L-0107785], source: Kunth (1822-1825; as U. rugosa), Llano (1950; as U. zahlbruckneri), Hestmark (2016); K. Kalb 19089 [WIS], K. Kalb 19088 [WIS], G. Hestmark 94031 [O], G. Hestmark 94007 [O], more... [Gyromium polyphyllum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora anthracina f. anthracina (Wulfen) Körb., Gyrophora glabra (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora glabra f. lacera (Leight.) Magnin, Gyrophora glabra f. monophylla (Leight.) Magnin, Gyrophora glabra var. glabra (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora glabra var. polyphylla (L.) Gray, Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Körb., Gyrophora polyphylla f. glabra (Ach.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora polyphylla f. lacera (Leight.) Hepp, Gyrophora polyphylla f. polyphylla (L.) Funck, Gyrophora polyphylla f. sulcata Turner, Gyrophora polyphylla var. congregata Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora polyphylla var. polyphylla (L.) Funck, Lecidea polyphylla (L.) Spreng., Lichen anthracinus Wulfen, Lichen polyphyllus L., Umbilicaria aenea var. glabra (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Schaer., Umbilicaria anthracina (Wulfen) Hoffm., Umbilicaria atropruinosa f. anthracina (Wulfen) Fr., Umbilicaria glabra Ach. nom. inval., Umbilicaria glabra P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., Umbilicaria glabra var. anthracina (Wulfen) DC., Umbilicaria glabra var. polyphylla (L.) DC., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. congregata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. lacera (Leight.) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. monophylla (Leight.) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. polyphylla (L.) Baumg., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. sulcata (Turner) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. glabra (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Stenh., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. lacera (Leight.) Cromb., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. polyphylla (L.) Baumg., Umbilicaria varia f. congregata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. lacera Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. monophylla Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. sulcata (Turner) Leight., Umbilicaria varia var. polyphylla (L.) Leight.] problematic; according to Hestmark (2016) U. nylanderiana is the most common brown species in Ecuador, it could be confused with the superficially similar European U. polyphylla; all reports of U. polyphylla are therefore likely erroneous, source: Hestmark (2016) [Gyromium proboscideum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora corrugata (Hoffm.) Flörke, Gyrophora deusta var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora deusta var. fimbriata Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora deusta var. mesenteriformis sensu Turner & Borrer, non (Wulfen) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora exasperata (Hoffm.) Flörke nom. rejic., Gyrophora glabra var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Ach., Gyrophora heteroidea var. corrugata Ach., Lich. Univ.: 219 (1810), Gyrophora hyperborea var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora jacquinii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Gyrophora polymorpha var. proboscidea (L.) Schaer., Gyrophora proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Mudd, Gyrophora proboscidea f. proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. deplicans (Nyl.) Cromb., Gyrophora proboscidea var. exasperata Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. jacquinii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. pulla (Wulfen) Zahlbr., Lecidea polymorpha var. proboscidea (L.) Spreng., Lecidea proboscidea (L.) Colla, Lichen deustus Lightf. nom. illegit., Lichen exasperatus (Hoffm.) J.F. Gmel. nom. rejic., Lichen jacquinii J.F. Gmel., Lichen proboscideus L., Lichen pullus Wulfen nom. illegit., Umbilicaria corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria corrugata f. corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria corrugata var. corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria cylindrica f. exasperata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria exasperata Hoffm. nom. rejic., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Schade, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria proboscidea f. deplicans (Nyl.) Oxner, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. exasperata (Ach.) Oxner, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria proboscidea f. mesenteriformis, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. proboscidea (L.) Schrad., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. corrugata (Hoffm.) DC., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. deplicans Nyl., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. exasperata (Hoffm.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. proboscidea (L.) Schrad., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. pulla (Wulfen) Frey, Umbilicaria varia f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. exasperata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Leight.] problematic; reports in Zahlbruckner (1905, 1905) and Diels (1937) of Gyrophora hyperborea var. corrugata are formally a synonym of Umbilicaria proboscidea, but the taxon is not reported in Hestmark (2016), source: Zahlbruckner (1905, 1905), Diels (1937) [both report it as Gyrophora hyperborea var. corrugata] [Capnia pustulata (L.) A. St.-Hil., Gyromium pustulatum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora pustulata (L.) Ach., Lasallia pustulata (L.) Merat, Lecidea pustulata (L.) Palmstr. & Venus, Lichen pustulatus L., Macrodictya pustulata (L.) A. Massal., Umbilicaria pustulata f. pustulata (L.) Hoffm., Umbilicaria pustulata var. pustulata (L.) Hoffm.] problematic, no modern record, source: Humboldt & Bonpland (1807) [Graphis vellea var. tessellata (Ach.) Wallr., Gyrophora anthracina var. tessellata (Ach.) Hepp, Gyrophora atropruinosa var. tessellata (Ach.) Schaer., Gyrophora tessellata Ach., Lecidea atropruinosa var. tessellata (Ach.) Schaer., Omphalodium atropruinosum var. tessellatum (Ach.) Rabenh., Umbilicaria anthracina var. tessellata (Ach.) Torss., Umbilicaria atropruinosa f. tessellata (Ach.) Fr., Umbilicaria cinerascens var. tessellata (Ach.) Boistel] problematic, name not resolved; cited only in Kunth (1822-1825), but Hestmark (2016) does not indicate what that name refers to, source: Kunth (1822-1825) [Graphis vellea (L.) Wallr., Gyromium velleum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora depressa f. vellea (L.) Schaer., Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora vellea f. vellea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora vellea var. vellea (L.) Ach., Lecidea vellea (L.) Spreng., Lichen velleus L.] source: Hestmark (2016); G. Hestmark 94088 [O], G. Hestmark 94097 [O], G. Hestmark 94098 [O], G. Hestmark 94082 [O], more... * = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens); on Peltigera sp., Holotype QCA, Etayo 25523, source: Etayo (2017); Etayo, J. 25523 [hb. Etayo] [Neuropogon sulphureus f. acanthella I.M. Lamb] source: Truong & Clerc (2016); Etayo, J. 25868 [hb. Etayo] source: Truong et al. (2013) [Usnea paradoxa (Zahlbr.) Motyka, Usnea sulcata Motyka, Usnea torquescens Stirt., Usnea torquescens var. torquescens Stirt., Usnea undulata Stirt., Usnea undulata f. undulata Stirt.] source: Nöske & Sipman (2004), Nöske et al. (2007), Truong et al. (2013); W.A. Weber 1971-06-11 [ASU], Weber, W. A 131884 [MSC], W.A. Weber s.n. [WIS], Weber, William, A. s.n. [DUKE], more... source: Truong & Clerc (2016) source: Gerlach et al. (2020) [Alectoria articulata (L.) Link, Bryopogon articulatus (L.) Czerwiak., Lichen articulatus L., Parmelia articulata (L.) Spreng., Usnea articulata f. articulata (L.) Hoffm., Usnea articulata subsp. articulata (L.) Hoffm., Usnea articulata subsp. intestiniformis (Ach.) Motyka, Usnea articulata subsp. mediterranea Motyka, Usnea articulata var. articulata (L.) Hoffm., Usnea articulata var. intestiniformis (Ach.) Cromb., Usnea barbata var. articulata (L.) Ach., Usnea barbata var. intestiniformis Ach., Usnea dasopoga var. articulata (L.) Harm., Usnea florida f. articulata (L.) Flagey, Usnea pendula var. articulata (L.) L. Marchand, Usnea plicata var. articulata (L.) Müll. Arg.] source: Zahlbruckner (1905, 1907) [Eumitria asperrima (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Eumitria baileyi Stirt., Eumitria formosa Stirt., Eumitria implicita Stirt., Eumitria tasmanica (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Usnea antillarum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Usnea baileyi var. eizanensis (Asahina) Asahina, Usnea baileyi var. yokawensis (Asahina) Asahina, Usnea barbata var. asperrima Müll.Arg., Usnea barbata var. substrigosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Usnea barbata var. tasmanica Müll.Arg., Usnea dasopoga var. substrigosa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Usnea dasypogoides var. substrigosa Müll.Arg., Usnea eizanensis Asahina, Usnea formosa (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita f. implicita (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita var. yokawensis Asahina, Usnea percava f. asperrima (Müll. Arg.) J. Steiner, Usnea recurvata J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea subrectangulata J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea tasmanica (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr.] source: Fernández-Prado et al. (2022); Jaramillo, P. 2835 [CDS], Truong, C. 1449 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-319 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 7386 [CDS], more... [Lichen barbatus L., Usnea dasopoga f. scabrata (Nyl.) Arnold, Usnea kirinensis J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea scabiosa Motyka, Usnea scabrata Nyl.] problematic, no modern record, Leighton (1866) cites both U. barbata f. hirta (=U. hirta) from Esmeraldas, and U. barbata f. ceratina (=U. ceratina) from Tunguragua; Mitten (1851) reports U. barbata itself, but it is not clear what these old reports refer to, source: Mitten (1851), Cevallos (2012) source: Sklenář et al. (2010), Etayo (2017); W.L. Culberson 20382 [ASU], W.L. Culberson 20382 [ASU], Grubb, P J 2518 [MSC], Grubb, P., J.... 2518 [DUKE], more... [Usnea bornmuelleri var. brasiliensis Zahlbr., Usnea cornuta subsp. brasiliensis (Zahlbr.) P. Clerc] so far only reported from the Galapagos, likely to also occur in mainland Ecuador, native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2018); Aptroot, A. 65128 B [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8367 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4300 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-242 [CDS], more... [Lichen ceratinus (Ach.) Lam., Parmelia ceratina (Ach.) Spreng., Usnea barbata var. ceratina (Ach.) Schaer., Usnea ceratina f. incurvescens Arnold, Usnea ceratina f. incurviscens Arnold, Usnea ceratina subsp. incurvescens (Arnold) Motyka, Usnea ceratina subsp. incurviscens (Arnold) Motyka, Usnea ceratina var. incurviscens (Arnold) H. Olivier, Usnea incurvescens (Arnold) Motyka ex B. de Lesd.] source: Leighton (1866; as U. barbata f. ceratina), Müller (1879), Romeguère (1879), Troung & Clerc (2012); J. Jaramillo 1679 B [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Anna Koffman 446 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Anna Koffman 537 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE], Carlos Cerón 31073 [INABIOEC-MECN-QCNE] [Usnea cirrosa subsp. ramillosa (Motyka) P. Clerc., Usnea ramillosa Motyka] source: Nöske & Sipman (2004; as U. ramillosa), Nöske et al. (2007; as U. ramillosa), Truong et al. (2013); W.A. Weber 1976-04-25 [ASU], Bungartz, F. 9717 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6284 [CDS] endemic to Galapagos, Holotype: Truong 1127 [CDS 39438]; according to Bungartz et al. (2018) sorediate specimens are similar to Usnea fragilescens and U. cornuta, source: Truong & Clerc (2016), Bungartz et al. (2018); Clerc, P. 08-78 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 6745 [CDS], Truong, C. 1325 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 63765 B [CDS], more... preliminary identification, Bungartz et al. (2018): The identity of specimens in Galapagos, here referred to U. aff. columbiana, is not entirely resolved. Material analyzed by HTLC either contains both usnic and norstictic acid or, more rarely, usnic acid only, source: Bungartz et al. (2018); Aptroot, A. 64851 [CDS], Aptroot, A. 65088 [CDS] [Thermutis complanata (Müll. Arg.) A.L. Sm., Usnea barbata f. complanata Müll.Arg., Usnea florida f. complanata (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr.] source: Kalb & Aptroot (2017) [Usnea ceratina f. inflata Duby, Usnea confusa Asah., Usnea constrictula Stirt., Usnea inflata (Duby) Motyka, Usnea inflata var. cornuta (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea inflata var. inflata Delise, Usnea intexta Stirt., Usnea intexta var. constrictula (Stirt.) D. Hawksw. & D. Chapm., Usnea intexta var. intexta Stirt., Usnea jelskii Motyka, Usnea subhirta (Vain.) Motyka, Usnea subpectinata Stirt.] native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2018); Aptroot, A. 63221 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 9882 [CDS], Truong, C. 1429 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 4021 [CDS], more... [Usnea spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka] native, indigenous, source: Bungartz et al. (2018); Truong, C. 1407 [CDS], Clerc, P. 08-120 [CDS], Nugra, F. 1128 [CDS], Bungartz, F. 8269 [CDS], more... |
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